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Conservation Laws
DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW
• Finite control volume approach is very practical and useful, since it
does not generally require a detailed knowledge of the pressure and
velocity variations within the control volume
• Problems could be solved without a detailed knowledge of the flow
field
• Unfortunately, there are many situations that arise in which details of
the flow are important and the finite control volume approach will not
yield the desired information
• How the velocity varies over the cross section of a pipe, how the
pressure and shear stress vary along the surface of an airplane wing
•In these circumstances we need to develop relationships that apply at
a point, or at least in a very small region infinitesimal volume within a
given flow field. This approach - DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS
• DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS PROVIDES VERY DETAILED KNOWLEDGE OF
A FLOW FIELD
Control volume Flow domain
Flow in
Flow in
Flow out Flow out
F F
Control volume analysis Differential analysis
= + + +
O’
v vδt
u
O
uδt
δy δy
u
u x
u x
O δx A O δx A A’
u
x x t
1 d V u v w
V dt x y z
u v w
, &
x y z
Linear deformation of the element does not change the shape of
the element
Cross derivates cause the element to ROTATE and undergo
ANGULAR DEFORMATION
u v
,
y x
Angular deformation of the element changes the shape of the
element
ANGULAR MOTION AND DEFORMATION
u
y t
y
u
u y
B y C
B B’ C
δy δy A’
v v
v x x t
u v x
x
O δx A O δx A
u
y
- positive oB - clockwise
Rotation z of the element about the z-axis is defined as the average
of the angular velocities oA and oB of the two mutually
perpendicular lines OA and OB. Thus, if counterclockwise rotation is
considered positive, it follows that
1 v u
z
2 x y
1 w v
x
2 y z
1u w
y
2z x
x î y ĵ z k̂
1 1
curl V V
2 2
Vorticity is defined as the vector that is twice the rotation vector
2 V
Fluid element will rotate about the z axis as an undeformed block
u v
(ie., oA = - oB ) only when Otherwise, the
y x
rotation will be associated with an angular deformation
v u
Rotation around the z axis is zero.
x y
Rotation and vorticity are zero;
V 0
FLOW FIELD IS IRROTATIONAL
In addition to rotation associated with derivatives u &
v
y x
These derivatives can cause the fluid element to undergo an angular
deformation which results in change of shape
Change in the original right angle formed by the lines OA and
OB is SHEARING STRAIN
= +
is positive if the original right angle is decreasing
Rate of Shearing Strain or Rate of Angular Deformation
v
x t u
y
t
u v
Lim Lim
t 0 t t 0 t y x
u v
y x
Rate of angular deformation is related to a corresponding shearing
stress which causes the fluid element to change in shape
u v
y x
Rate of angular deformation is zero;
Element is simply rotating as an
Rotation undeformed block
Volume = V2= V1
Volume = V1
(a) Compressible flow field
Time = t1
Fluid elements may grow or shrink in
Volume = V1 volume as they translate, distort or
rotate
Time = t2
Volume = V2
(b)
CONSERVATION OF MASS OR CONTINUITY EQUATION
DBsys
bdV bV n̂dA
Dt t z1
x1
cv cs y1
dV V n̂dA 0 y
t cv cs x
dz
dx
dy
Net rate of flow of
of the mass of the the mass of the
mass through the
coincident system contents of the
control surface
coincident control
volume
dV xyz
t cv t
V n̂dA v
cs v x z x y z
y
z
w x y
u y z j
y
u
i x u y z x y z
x
k
w
w x y
z
x y z v x z
dV V n̂dA 0
t cv cs
xyz u y z v x z w x y u y z
t
u v w
x y z v x z x y z w x y x y z 0
x y z
u v w
u v w 0
t x y z x y z
D
Dt
.V̂ 0
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
VdV VV n̂dA Fcontents of
t cv cs control volume
RATE AT RATE AT SUM OF THE
RATE OF INCREASE
OF - WHICH x- + WHICH x- = X-COMP
MOMENTUM MOMENTUM FORCES
x-MOMENTUM ENTERS APPLIED TO
ENTERS FLUID IN CV
u
VdV xyz
t cv t
uw x y
z
y u u y z
u 2
uu y z j x
x y z
i x
k
uw
uw x y x y z uv x z
z
u
xyz u u y z u v x z u w x y
t
u u y z
u 2
x y z u v x z
uv
x y z
x y
uw
u w y z x y z LHS
z
Du LHS
Dt x y z
yy
yx
Du
P u 2
2 y uy xv z uz wx f x
.V̂
x x x 3
Dt
2u 2u 2u
Du
P
x
u v w
2
.V̂ f x
Dt x 2
y 2
z x x y z
2
3
2u 2u 2u
Du
P
x
x 2
2 x 3
.V̂
fx
Dt
y 2 z
2v 2v 2v
Dv
P
y
.V̂
fy
Dt x
2
y 2
z y 3
2
2u 2u 2u
Du
P
x
f x
.V̂
Dt x
2
y 2
z x 3
2
2v 2v 2v
Dv
P
y
f y
.V̂
Dt x
2
y 2
z y 3
2
DV̂
Dt
P V̂ .V̂ f
2
3
VISCOUS COMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY
DV̂
Dt
P V̂ .V̂ f
2
3
VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID WITH CONSTANT VISCOSITY
DV̂
P V̂ f
2
Dt
DV̂
P f EULER’S EQN
Dt
u u u u p
u v w g
t x y z x
u p z
Along a stream line u g s g
s s s gsin z
u p z
u ds ds g ds
s s s
udu dp gdz
u2
P gz C
2
2
p u
gz C
2
Continuity equation D
Dt
.V̂ 0
X- momentum
2u 2u 2u
Du
P
x
.V̂
fx
Dt x
2
y 2
z x 3
2
Y- momentum
2v 2v 2v
Dv
P
y
f y
.V̂
Dt x
2
y 2
z y 3
2
Z- momentum
2w 2w 2w
Dw
P
z
f z
.V̂
Dt x
2
y 2
z z 3
2
Navier – French mathematician Stokes – English Mechanician
FOUR EQUATION AND FOUR UNKNOWNS – U,V,W AND P
Mathematically well posed
Nonlinear, second order partial differential equations