Transmission

Media &System
 Transmission Media
• The transmission medium is the physical path by which a
message travels from sender to receiver.
• Computers and telecommunication devices use signals to
represent data.
• These signals are transmitted from a device to another in
the form of electromagnetic energy.

• Examples of Electromagnetic energy include power, radio

waves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, and X
and gamma rays.
• All these electromagnetic signals constitute the
electromagnetic spectrum
 Transmission Media
• Guided Media
Twisted Pair
Co axial Cable
Optical Fibre Cable
• Unguided Media
Radio waves Transmission
Microwave Transmission
Infrared Transmission
Laser Transmission
Satellite Transmission
 Electromagnetic Spectrum

•Not all portion of the spectrum are currently usable for

telecommunications
•Each portion of the spectrum requires a particular transmission medium
 OPTICAL FIBERCONCEPT&TYPE
1.Main job of optical fibre is to guide light waves with
a minimum attenuation.
2.Optical fibers are composed of fine threads of glass
in layers. The fine threads are of silica glass mix with
some dopant material.
3.Two main layers are known as core (central, of 8 to
50µm) & cladding(outer,50to125µm)
4.Core is having 1 % more R.I. than Cladding
5.It transmits the Optical waves (Light) through it at
the speed of 2/3 of speed of light in vacuum
observing the total internal reflection principle.
1. Light is either reflected or refracted
depending upon the angle of incident
at which it strikes the layer of
separation.
2. It refracts away when it goes from
denser to a rearer medium
3. It reflects when it crosses the critical
angle,which is known as
phenomenon of TOTAL INTERNAL
REFLECTION
 CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL FIBRE

Classification based on Mode of propagation

Fibres can be classified based on numbers of mode
available for propagation :

1-Single-mode (SM) fiber.

2.-Multi-mode (MM) fiber.

Classification based on refractive index profile :

1. Step index (SI)

2. Graded index (GRIN) fiber.

 TRANSMISSION CHALLENGES
• Several challenge that must be dealt with
(1)ATTENUATION : Decaying of signals.
i) Impurities
ii) Micro bending
iii) Macro bending

(2) DISPERSION : Spreading of light pulses.

i)Modal
ii)Chromatic,
iii)Wave guide
 MAIN TESTS ON OPTICAL FIBRE CABLES

• Cable Loss.
• Splice Loss.
• Connector Loss.
• Fibre Length.
• Continuity of Fiber.
• Fault Localizations/ Break Fault.
 INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED
• Optical Power Meter.
• Calibrated Light Source.
• Optical Attenuator.
• Optical Time Domain Reflecto meter
(OTDR).
• Optical Talk Set.
 OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER
(OTDR)
• Used for measuring :
Fiber Loss.
Splice Loss.
Connector Loss.
Fiber Length.
Continuity of Fiber.
Fault Localization.
Unguided Media
Propagation Methods
 Unguided Media
Wireless transmission waves
EVOLUTION OF SDH
TECHNOLOGY
 Synchronization of Digital Signals
• There are 3 types of signals;
– Synchronous
– Plesiochronous
– Asynchronous
 PULSE CODE MODULATION
•Voice Frequency ranges upto 4 Khz

•Sampling the Voice Signal @ 8 Khz

(Double the Max. Frequency)

•8 bits per sample

•Digital Bit Rate: 8Khz X 8 = 64 Khz

 BUILDING UP THE BASE STREAM (2MB)

•30 Voice Channels @ 64 Khz

•One channel for Frame (64 K)
•One channel for Signaling (64 K)
•Total number of Channels = 32
•Bit Rate: 32 X 64 K= 2048 Khz (2Mb)
 PDH BIT RATES
• E1-2048 Kbps (2Mb) [30 Voice Channel]

• E2-8448 Kbps (8Mb) [120 Voice Channel]

• E3-34368 Kbps (34Mb) [480 Voice Channel]

• E4-139264 Kbps (140Mb) [1920 Voice Channel]

 PDH PRODUCTS
OPTICAL:
• OPTICAL LINE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (OLTE)-
8Mb, 34Mb, 140Mb.
• OPTICAL REGENERATOR EQUIPMENT-
34 Mb,140Mb.

OPTIMUX:
• SINGLE SHELF CONTAINS BOTH MUX AND OLTE
 LIMITATIONS IN PDH
• Different Standards
• Systems operates in its own Clock
• Proprietary Coding Mechanisms Making
Inter-Operas Ability of System Between
Different Vendors
• Not Transparent
• Protection Schemes are not available
• Ring, Hub Configuration not possible
 WHY SDH?
• High Transmission Rates
• Simplified Add & Drop Function
• High Availability and Capacity Matching
• Reliability
• Future Proof Platform for New Services
• Interconnection
SYNCHRONOUS NETWORK COMPONENTS
 SYNCHRONOUS NETWORK Contd…

• Regenerators
• Terminal Multiplexers
• Add-drop Multiplexers
• Digital X-Connect
• Network Management System
CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY
 CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY
• Primary Reference Clock (PRC)
-11
Accuracy : 1 x 10 ppm
• Synchronization Supply Unit (SSU)
Accuracy : 1 x 10-9 ppm
• Synchronization Equipment Clock
(SEC) Accuracy : 4.6 x 10-6 ppm
 AUTOMATIC PROTECTION
SWITCHING(APS)

• LINEAR PROTECTION

• UNIDIRECTIONAL RINGS

• BI-DIRECTIONAL RINGS
 DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING

DWDM is a Fiber Optic Transmission

technique that employs light wavelengths
to transmit data Parallel-by-bit or Serial by
Character.
 CHALLENGES IN OPTICAL NETWORKS

• Increased service Needs

• Fiber exhaust

• Layered bandwidth management

 SOLUTIONS
• Laying more fiber

• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

• Dense wavelength Division

Multiplexing (DWDM)
 LAYING MORE FIBER

• Economic solution where cost of

fiber laying is minimal

• May not be able to provide new

services or utilize bandwidth
management capability of a unifying
optical layer.
 MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES

• TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM)

 Synchronous
 Asynchronous

• WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (WDM)

 CWDM vs DWDM
CHARACTERISTISC COARSE WDM DENSE WDM

CHANNEL SPACING LARGE 2500 Ghz SMALL 200 Ghz

(20 nm) (0.8 nm)
NUMBER OF BANDS USED O;E;S;C AND L C and L

COST PER CHANNEL LOW HIGH

NUMBER OF CHANNEL 17 TO 18 HUNDREDS OF

DELIVERED CHANNELS POSSIBLE

AGGREGATE FIBRE 20 TO 40 Gbps 100 TO 1000 Gbps

CAPACITY
TRANSMISSION DISTANCE UPTO 70 Km UPTO 900 Km

BEST APPLICATION SHORT-HAUL LONG HAUL