PERTEMUAN

6
( 29 September 2015)

CHEMICAL BONDS
(Ikatan Kimia)
Hernawan, S.Si.
Chemistry X, SMA IT AR RAIHAN
 Have you ever investigate, how words or sentences
made up from the 26 alphabets ?
 The alphabets make up thousands even millions
words and sentences.
 so do the elements
 Try to imagine ! How many compounds can be made
up from the combination of hundreds of elements ?
 The secret is the atoms of element attracted each
other to form a molecule.
 This concept was proposed for the first time by
American chemist, Gilbert Newton Lewis.
 In 1916, Lewis stated that chemical bond occurred
because electrons in atom reacted to each other.
 How can atoms bonding?
 Are there any relationships between the bonding
type and physical properties of substance?
 Definition

 Chemical bonds is a bonding or an attraction

between atoms which forms a molecule.
 The bonding atoms could be from the same element
or different.
Atoms Atoms Molecules
O H H2O

 Atoms in nature tend to combine with others to form

a molecule or a compound, except the noble gas
elements (stable electron configuration)
 Stability of Element

1. Stability of Noble Gas Elements

Noble gas atoms have stable outer shell configurations
because they have a full valence shell of electrons
1e-
2e- 1e- 8e-
e- 8e-
1e- 8e- 2e-
1e- 7e-
1e- 2e-
7e-
3e- Ar 7e-
3e-
Ne 6e-
3e-
He 6e- 4e-
4e-
e-
5e- 6e-
2e-
4e- 5e- 5e-
2e-
 Stability of Element

Valence Electrons of Noble Gases

Atom Electron Configuration Valence Electron

2He 2 2

10Ne 2 8 8

18Ar 2 8 8 8

36Kr 2 8 18 8 8

54Xe 2 8 18 18 8 8

86Rd 2 8 18 32 18 8 8
 Stability of Element

1e-
2. Unstable Atoms in Achieving Stability 1e-
1e- 2e-
1e- 1e-
Be
H Li
2e-

1e- 2e- 1e-

1e- 1e-
2e- 2e-

B C
3e- 3e-

2e- 2e-
4e-
 Stability of Element

2. Unstable Atoms in Achieving Stability

1e-
1e-
2e-
1e-
N 1e-
3e- 2e-

2e- O 1e-
4e- 5e- 3e- 1e-
6e- 2e-
7e-
2e-
4e- 5e- F
3e-
6e-
2e-
4e- 5e-
 Stability of Element

2. Unstable Atoms in Achieving Stability

1e-

1e- 8e-
e-
2e- 1e-
7e-
Na 2e- 1e-
e-
8e-
3e-
6e- 2e-
7e-
e-
4e- 5e- Mg
3e-
6e-
e-
4e- 5e-
 Stability of Element
The Tendency of Elements to Achieve the Stability of Noble Gases
TENDENCY TO
VALENCE ELECTRON ACHIEVE
GROUP
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
STABILITY
IA 1 3 Li :2 1 Give away 1 electron

II A 2 4 Be :2 2 Give away 2 electron

III A 3 5B :2 3 Give away 3 electron

IV A 4 6C :2 4 Gain 4 electron

VA 5 7 N :2 5 Gain 3 electron

VI A 6 8 O :2 6 Gain 2 electron

VII A 7 9 F :2 7 Gain 1 electron

 Positive Ions
Na+

 Atom that gave away their electrons will

change into positive ions [Cations]

1e-

1e- 8e- 1e- 8e-

e- e-
2e- 2e-
7e- 7e-
Na Na+
3e- 3e-
6e- 6e-
e- e-
4e- 5e- 4e- 5e-

Na Na+ + e-
 Negative Ions Cl-

 Atom that gain electrons will change into negative

ions [Anions]
8e-
1e- 1e-
2e- 1e- 8e- 2e- 1e- 8e-
e- e- 8e-
2e- 2e-
7e- 7e-
3e- Cl 7e- 3e- Cl- 7e-
3e- 3e-
6e- 6e-
4e- e- e-
4e- 5e- 6e- 4e-
4e- 5e- 6e-
5e- 5e-

Cl + e- Cl-
 Lewis Symbol
 To help us in learning the chemicl bonds between
atoms
 Write the chemical symbol of element
 Placed dots surround the chemical symbol,
maximum up to 4 dots. The next dots are placed in
pairs with the dots before, until the octet rule
reached
 A dot represents one electron in the outer shell. The
dot symbol can be replaced by cross symbol, circle,
etc.
 Lewis Symbol of Elements in Group A

Groups IA II A III A IV A VA VI A VII A VIII A

Symbol X X X X X X X X
Example:
Draw a Lewis symbol for 17Cl and 20Ca !
Solution :
Cl : 2 8 7 valence electrons: 7 Cl
17
Ca
20Ca: 2 8 8 2 valence electrons: 2
 Ionic Bond
 Ionic bond is a bonding formed as a result of
electrons transfer.
 This leads to formation of positive and negative ions
which have the noble gases electron configurations.
 The positive and negative ions are attracted to each
other by an electrostatic force.
 The compound formed from ionic bonds is called
ionic compound.
 How is the Formation of Ionic Bonds ?

1e- 1e-
1e- 8e- 8e- 1e- 2e-
e- e-
2e- 2e-
7e- 7e-
3e-
3e- Na 7e- Cl 3e-
6e- 6e-
e- e- 4e-
4e- 5e- 6e- 5e- 4e-
5e-
1e-
1e- 8e- 1e- 8e- 1e- 2e-
e- e-
2e- 2e-
7e- 7e-
3e-
3e- Na 7e- Cl 3e-
6e- 6e-
e- e- 4e-
4e- 5e- 6e- 5e- 4e-
5e-
Na Cl Na Cl
 Properties of Ionic Compounds

1. Generally solids at room temperature,

2. Have a high boiling and melting point,
3. Conduct electricity when molten or in aqueous
solution,
4. Hard but brittle (keras tapi rapuh)