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Diagram indicating relative scale of nanosized objects. 4
Definition of Nanotechnology
• According to NNI, “nanotechnology” is the control,
comprehension, and reformation of material based on
the hierarchy of nanometres to develop matter with
essentially new uses and a new constitution.
• The term covers a family of technologies, including
nano-sciences and nanotechnologies.
• The idea of nanotechnology was first introduced in
the 1959 by Richard Feynman in his lecture entitled
“There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”.
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The Importance of Transition
from Micro to Nano
• At the micro scale, most of the properties remain
generally the same as those for bulk materials.
• The decrease of one or more geometric dimensions
down to the nanoscale completely modifies the
behaviour of the material.
• The transition from micro to the nano scale has a
direct bearing on most physical properties, such as
surface area, modulus of elasticity, electrical and
thermal conductivities, magnetic properties, and
catalytic phenomena.
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Representation of hexagonal close packed full-shell
clusters 7
The Growth of Nanotechnology
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General Application of Nanotechnology
General Application of Nanotechnology
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Application of nanotechnology
in Civil Engineering
• Lighter and stronger structural composites
• Low maintenance coating
• Improving engineering properties of soil
• Improving pipe joining materials and techniques
• Better properties of cementation materials
• Reducing the thermal transfer rate of fire retardant and
insulation
• Increasing the sound absorption of acoustic absorber
• Structural monitoring and inspection
• Increasing the reflectivity of glass
• Water purification
• Increasing strength of durability of structure
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Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials are possible because of following reasons:
1. The development of ultra-precision processes
2. New analytical techniques that can observe, measure and
provide 3-dimensional images of features at the nanometre
and atomic levels
3. The ability to identify, manipulate and assemble individual
molecules and atoms
4. Advances in computer hardware and mathematical modelling
techniques
5. The widespread use of, and developments in, I.T., enabling
fast and effective technology transfer
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Nanomaterials
There are two ways to approach to deal with
nanomaterials the nano scale:
1. Shrinking from the Top Down ( E.g. Milling)
2. Growing from the Bottom Up (E.g. Self-assembly)
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Schematic representation of the ‘bottom up’ and top down’ synthesis
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processes of nanomaterials with the popular techniques that are used.
Nanomaterials
Silver nanoparticle
Aluminium Oxide nanoparticle
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Zirconium Oxide Tungsten Oxide
Nanoparticle Nanowires
Steel
Product - Sandvik High Young’s Modulus, High
Nanoflex Strength and Better Corrosion
Resistance
Product - MMFX2 Steel Mechanical Properties of
Conventional Steel with Corrosion
Resistance and Lower Cost
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Nanomaterial/Method
Application to Effect
Used
Silica and Alumina Water-repellant Coating
Nano Particles
Bitumen
Organically Modified Greater Softening Point, Viscosity,
Bentonite (OBT) Higher Complex Modulus, Lower
Phase Angle, Higher Rutting Parameter
and Better Rheological Properties
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Nanomaterial/Method
Application to Effect
Used
Carbon Nanotubes Chlorine Concentration is
Alumina Fibres, Increased
Nanoscopic Pores in
Zeolite Filtration
Water Membranes
Purification Titanium Oxide Detection of Contaminated
Nanowires or Palladium Particles, Removal of Sediments,
Nanoparticles Chemical Effluents, Charged
Particles, Bacteria and Other
Pathogens.
Nano and Micro Monitor Internal Stresses, Cracks
Structural Electrical Mechanical and other Physical Forces in the
Monitoring Systems (MEMS) Structures
Sensors
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Application of Nanotechnology to
Geotechnical Engineering
• Soil has wide variety of particles with dimension of less
than 1 nm to 75 mm.
• 6 order of magnitude, has made soil one of the most
complicated materials.
• Nanotechnology has proposed two issues in
geotechnical engineering as:
1. Studying the soil structure in nanometre scale and
hence gaining a better understanding of soil nature,
together with studying performance of soil with
different nanostructures.
2. Soil manipulation at atomic or molecular scale.
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TEM Image of Clay
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Investigation of Soil Nanostructure
by Electron Microscopes
Investigation of soil at nanoscale will help in
understanding the nature and their structures which in
turn will to understand and improve engineering
properties.
Following three methods can be used for
investigation;
1. Transverse electron microscopy (TEM)
2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
3. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
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Improvement of Engineering
Properties of Soil by Nanotechnology
Following are the changes that can improve the soil by
application of nanotechnology:
1. At the nanoscale, a higher ratio of surface to volume and, in
turn, a higher cation exchange capacity exists. Therefore,
they interact very actively with other particles and solutions
such that very minute amounts may lead to considerable
effects on the physico-chemical behaviour and engineering
properties of soil.
2. Gravity forces at the nanoscale can be disregarded. Instead,
electromagnetic forces are dominant.
3. Instead of classic mechanics, quantum mechanical models
are utilized for describing movement and energy at the
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nanoscale.
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4. Random molecular movements are of higher
significance at the nanoscale. Soils that contain
nanoparticles with intraparticle voids usually exhibit
higher liquid and plastic limits because of the
following three reasons:
a. A higher specific surface leads to a larger amount
of water encompassing the outer surface of
particles
b. The presence of nanopores causes water
accumulation in these pores, hence resulting in an
increase of the available water capacity in soil 27
Continue
c. The nanostructure of soil particles is another factor for
the increase in water accumulation capacity. The
existence of nanofibers in soil usually enhances the
thixotropic property of soil and increases its shear
strength. In addition, these soils possess a much lower
bulk density due to the occurrence of nanopores.
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Optima Soil Stabilization System
Optima Soil stabilization system comprises a
combination of an organosilane (NanoSoil A) to avoid
swelling, together with a second component (NanoSoil
B) to bind particles together.
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Optima Soil
CBR Test Results on
NanoSoil
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Swelling Test Results on
NanoSoil
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Mix Stabilization
Membrane Mix
Stabilization
Topic Stabilization
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Addition of Nanomaterials for Soil
The effect of addition of different nanomaterials,
including nano Cu, nano MgO, and nano clay, on the
geotechnical properties of a Penang soft soil was studied.
Properties of the Soil Used are as follows:
Property Value Property Value
Liquid limit 47 % Silt fraction 31.3 %
Plastic limit 28 % Sand fraction 38.9 %
Plasticity index 19 Classification (USCS) OL
Linear Shrinkage 11.07 % Max dry Density Optimum 14.44 kN/m3
Specific gravity 2.42 Water Content 21.6 %
Clay fraction 29.8 % Silt fraction 31.3 %
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Effect of Different nanomaterials Percentage and
(a) Max. Dry Density (b) Optimum Water Content 34
Effect of Different nanomaterials Percentage on Water Content35
Effect of Different nanomaterials Percentage on Water Content36
Effect of Different nanomaterials Percentage on Water Content37
Soil-Ball Milled Soil Mixtures
• The nano-soil is actually a product of milling of a
natural soil in which a greater portion of its particles
was pulverized into nano sizes (1-100 nm).
• The soil specimens were loaded in small amounts in a
ball mill of type “Planetary Mono Mill Pulverisette 6”
for 10-13 hrs .
• The soil-nano soil mixtures were set at 98 % original
soil and 2 % nanosoil by weight due to the very
limited amount of the nano-soil obtained
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Before Milling
After Milling
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Growth Curve of Nanotechnology with Respect to Research
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Growth Curve of Nanotechnology with Respect to Revenue
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Merits of Using Nanotechnology
• The nanotechnology promises a rapid improvement
of technology at low cost and high convenience,
when in mass application.
• Study and improvement of complex material like soil
is possible at nanoscale.
• New materials are available which are stronger, more
durable and flexible.
• Efficiency for material and equipments is more.
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Merits of Using Nanotechnology
• Energy consumption is reduced.
• Structural protection against weather and natural
calamities is increased.
• Safety and protection of structure is increased.
• Complex and structure detrimental problems related
to soil, foundation and concrete are being solved.
• Replacement to naturally limited materials is
possible.
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Challenges with Nanotechnology
The main challenges and limitations can be
defined:
1. Fabrication
2. Health
3. Environment
4. Cost
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Conclusions
• Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding area of
research where novel properties of materials
manufactured on the nanoscale can be utilized for the
benefit of construction infrastructure.
• A number of promising developments exist that can
potentially change the service life and life-cycle cost
of construction infrastructure.
• It is necessary to spread the application of
nanotechnology in civil engineering for the holistic
solutions to today’s problem and to satisfy future’s
need, especially in India where the application of
nanotechnology is not so popular. 48
References
• Saurav, Application Of Nanotechnology In Building Materials,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA)
ISSN: 2248- 9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue5, September- October 2012,
pp.1077-1082
• V. Kartik Ganesh, Nanotechnology in Civil Engineering, European
Scientific Journal November edition vol. 8, No.27
• Nanotechnology White Paper, EPA 100/B-07/001 | February 2007
• Radu Olar, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies for Civil Engineering
• Alexandra Navrotsky*, Materials and nanotechnology, Journal of the
Franklin Institute 340 (2003) 263–268
• J. Corbett1, P.A. McKeown, G.N. Peggs, R. Whatmore, Nanotechnology:
International Developments and Emerging Products
• Zaid Hameed Majeed and Mohd Raihan Taha , A Review of Stabilization
of Soils by using Nanomaterials, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied
Sciences, 7(2): 576-581, 2013 49
References
• M.R. Taha, Geotechnical Properties of Soil-Ball Milled Soil Mixtures,
Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia
• www.optimasoil.com, company producing NanoSoil B and NanoSoil B
• Zaid Hameed Majeed and Mohd Raihan Taha, Effect of Nanomaterial
Treatment on Geotechnical Properties of a Penang Soft Soil, Journal of
Asian Scientific Research
• Marzieh Kadivar, Kazem Barkhordar and Mehdi Kadivar, Nanotechnology
in Geotechnology, Advanced Materials Research Vol. 261-263 (2011)
• Ashwani K. Rana, Shashi B Rana, Anjna Kumari and Vaishnav Kiran,
Significance of Nanotechnology in Construction Engineering, International
Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 1, No. 4, May 2009
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