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1 2 3 4 bonds
HONC
What is organic chemistry?
• study of carbon, the compounds it makes, and
the reactions it undergoes
• over 16 million carbon-containing compounds
are known
• because the C-C single bond (348 kJ mol-1) and
the C-H bond (412 kJ mol-1) are strong, carbon
compounds are stable
• carbon can form chains and rings
Homologous series/compounds (10.1.1)
• related compounds that have the same
functional group (groups of atoms found within
molecules that are involved in the chemical reactions
characteristic of those molecules)
• differ from each other by a CH2 unit
• can be represented by a general formula
– examples:
• CnH2n+2 (alkanes) or CnH2n (alkenes) or…
• have similar chemical properties
• have physical properties that vary in a
regular manner as the number of
carbon atoms increases
– Example: the alkanes
Trends in boiling points of members of a
homologous series (10.1.2)
• melting point and
boiling point increase Alkane Formula Boiling
Pt./oC
with more carbon
atoms
methane CH4 -162.0
• Why?
– intermolecular
forces increase ethane C2H6 -88.6
– adding a CH2 adds
more electrons propane C3H8 -42.2
• this increases the Van
der Waal’s forces butane C4H10 -0.5
Empirical, molecular & structural formulas (10.1.3)
Empirical Molecular
• empirical formula Formula Formula
– simplest ratio of
atoms in a CH4 CH4
molecule CH3 C2H6
• molecular formula
CH2O C6H12O6
– actual numbers
of atoms in a CH2 C4H8
molecule
CH2 C8H16
structural formula
• unambiguously shows how the atoms are
bonded together
1 Meth-
Monkeys
2 Eth-
3 Prop- Eat
4 But- Peeled
5 Pent- Bananas
6 Hex-
3. use the suffix “-ane” to indicate that the substance
is an alkane
CH3
H3C1 2 CH3 9 carbons = nonane
3 4 5
6
Cl 7
8
H3C9
CH3
9 carbons = nonane
H3C1 2 CH3
3 4 5
6 CH3 = methyl
Cl 7
8 chlorine = chloro
H3C9
Step #2: When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named
by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.
Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound
CH3
9 carbons = nonane
H3C1 2 CH3
3 4 5
6 CH3 = methyl
Cl 7
8 chlorine = chloro
H3C9
1 9 NOT 9 1
CH3
9 carbons = nonane
H3C1 2 CH3
3 4 5
6 CH3 = methyl
Cl 7
8 chlorine = chloro
H3C9
2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane
1-butene 2-butene
but-1-ene but-2-ene
Naming Practice!!!
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH CH CH3
2,4-dimethyl-2-pentene
2-butene 2,4-dimethyl pent-2-tene
CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3 C C CH CH CH3
CH3
c) 4,5 dimethyl-2-hexene