“SAFETY IS AN ATTITUDE”

Course Description
This unit of competency covers the necessary
knowledge, skills and attitudes required in
identifying, evaluating and controlling hazards
and risks at the same time maintain occupational
health and safety awareness.
Learning Outcomes
 LO1: Identify hazards and risks
 LO2: Evaluate hazards and risks
 LO3: Control hazards and risks
 LO4: Maintain Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
awareness:
 LO5: Perform Basic First Aid Procedures
 LO6: Prevent and Control Drug Abuse
LO1: Identify Hazards and Risks
Contents
 Safety Regulations
 Hazard and Risk Identification
 Contingency Measures
Workplace Safety and Health
Regulations
 Mandatory rules and regulation set and enforced by
the government to protect employees from workplace
hazards.

 A mandate aims to encourage employers and

employees to follow safe practices and enable him to
work in a safe environment.
 Other safety requirements include:

 Appropriate protective equipment and clothing such as

overall head coverings, goggles, gloves aprons and
respirators;
 A properly designed exhaust system and waste disposal,
local exhaust or general ventilation to keep toxic fumes or
gases;
 Adequate number of fire extinguishers in the workplace;
 Designated safe smoking and welding areas far from
combustible, flammable or explosive materials, containers
filled with explosives or flammable substances, and
containers that have held explosives or flammable
materials;
What is the minimum standard on
safety and health in the workplace?
 Appropriate seats, lighting and ventilation;
 Adequate passageways, exits and fire fighting
equipment;
 Separate facilities for men and women;
 Appropriate safety devices like protective gears, masks,
helmets, safety boots, coats or first-aid kits;
 Medicines, medical supplies or first-aid kits;
 Free medical and dental services and facilities.
What safety measures must be observed
within the premises of establishments?
 Danger/ Warning signs (w/ standard colors and
visible)
 Handicapped should only be restricted to designated
places only, they should be provided with facilities for
safe and convenient movement within the
establishment
 Good Housekeeping
 Adequate toilet, dressing rooms and lockers and
lavatories
Safety Regulations
 Clean Air Act
 Government’s measures to reduce air pollution and
incorporate environmental protection into its development
plans.
 Sets emission standards for all motor vehicles and issues
registration only upon demonstration of compliance.
 It also issues pollutant limitations for industry. Polluting
vehicles and industrial processes must pay a charge..
 It also establishes a R&D program for air pollution reduction
mechanisms and technologies.
 It bans incineration and smoking in public places. At the local
and municipal levels, governments are allowed to set
emission quotas by pollution source, and the development of
recycling programs is encouraged.
 Building Code
 A building code, building control or building
regulations, is a set of rules that specify the minimum
standards for constructed objects such
as buildings and non building structures.
 The main purpose of building codes are to protect public
health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the
construction and occupancy of buildings and structures.
 Building codes are generally intended to be applied by
 architects
 engineers
 constructors and regulators
 safety inspectors and others
Hazards and Risks
 A hazard is a source or potential source of human
injury, ill health or disease.
 Anything which might cause injury or ill health to
anyone at or near a workplace is a hazard.
 While some hazards are fairly obvious and easy to
identify, others are not - for example exposure to noise,
chemicals or radiation.
Near Miss

 An unplanned event that did not result in injury,

illness, or damage – but had the potential to do so.
Only a fortunate break in the chain of events
prevented an injury, fatality or damage
Unsafe act? Unsafe Condition? Near Miss?
Risk vs. Hazards
 Risk: The measure of the probability
and severity of an adverse effect
caused by a hazard
 Hazard: What causes the risk;
administrative or physical (causes or
has the potential to cause a loss)

“It takes a hazard and someone

exposed to the hazard to produce an
incident.”
Exposure
 How close are you
to the “danger
zone?”
 Physical exposure –
generally arm’s
length
 Environmental
exposure – could be
everyone in facility
Types of Hazards
 Biological
 Physical
 Ergonomic
 Chemical
 Work Organisation Hazards
Biological Hazard
 exposure to harm or disease
associated with working
with animals, people, or
infectious plant materials.

 Blood and other body fluids

 Fungi/mold
 Bacteria and viruses
 Plants
 Insect bites
 Animal and bird droppings
Physical hazards
 Any factors within the environment that can harm the
body without necessarily touching it. They include:
 Radiation: including ionizing, non-ionizing (EMF’s,
microwaves, radio waves, etc.)
 High exposure to sunlight / ultraviolet rays
 Temperature extremes – hot and cold
 Constant loud noise
Ergonomic Hazards
 Occur when the type of work,
body positions and working
conditions put a strain on your
body.
 Improperly adjusted workstations
and chairs
 Frequent lifting
 Poor posture
 Awkward movements, especially if
they are repetitive
 Having to use too much force,
especially if you have to do it
frequently
 Vibration
Chemical Hazards
 present when a worker is exposed
to any chemical preparation in the
workplace in any form (solid,
liquid or gas).
 Liquids like cleaning products,
paints, acids, solvents
 Vapors and fumes that come from
welding or exposure to solvents
 Gases like acetylene, propane,
carbon monoxide and helium
 Flammable materials like gasoline,
solvents, and explosive chemicals
 Pesticides
Work Organization Hazards
 Hazards or stressors that
cause stress (short term
effects) and strain (long term
effects)
 Workload demands
 Workplace violence
 Intensity and/or pace
 Respect (or lack thereof )
 Flexibility
 Control or say about things
 Social support or relations
 Sexual harassment
Hazard Identification
 first step in reducing the
likelihood of an accident is
hazard identification. Hazard
identification is identifying all
situations or events that could
cause injury or illness.

 It is essential to try and

anticipate all possible hazards
at the workplace - known as the
`what if?' approach.
Conducting the Hazard
identification
 Consider the Past,
Present and Future
 Historical Conditions
 Existing Conditions
 Future Conditions
 Issues for consideration
Are Hazards present?
Historical Conditions
 What has gone wrong in
the past?
 Root cause
 Historical records
 Process experience
 Near misses
Existing Conditions
 What could go wrong
currently?
 Hazard Identification
workshop
 Hazard Operability
study
 Scenario definitions
 Checklists
Future Conditions
 What could go wrong?
 Change management
 What-if judgment
 Prediction
Issues for Consideration
 Equipment can be off-line
 Safety devices can be disabled or fail to operate
 Several tasks may be concurrent
 Procedures are not always followed
 People are not always available
 How we act is not always how we plan to act
 Things can take twice as long as planned
 Abnormal conditions
Contingency Measures
 Effective emergency communication is vital. During a major
emergency involving a fire or explosion it may be necessary to
accomplish a complete evacuation.
 Normal services, such as electricity, water, and telephones, may
be non-existent. Under these conditions, it may be necessary to
have an alternate area to which employees can report or that can
act as a focal point for incoming and outgoing calls.
 Since time is an essential element for adequate response, the
person designated as being in charge should make this the
alternate headquarters so that they can be easily reached.
 The institution must provide emergency alarms and ensure that
employees know how to report emergencies.
 An updated list of key personnel and off-duty
telephone numbers should be maintained.
 Emergency communications equipment such as
amateur radio systems, public address systems, or
portable radio units should be present for notifying
employees of the emergency and for contacting local
authorities such as law enforcement officials, the fire
department, and private sector charitable groups.
 A method of communication also is needed to alert
employees to the evacuation or to take other action as
required in the plan.
LO2: Evaluate Hazards and Risks

 Hazard evaluation
 Effects of hazards in the workplace
 Threshold Limit Value (TLV)
Hazard Evaluation
 Every hazard carries some risk – a chance that it could
actually result in harm.
 Hazards that pose more than mild risk need to be
brought under control.

Hazards Classes
Class C
Class B
Class A
Class C
 hazards present relatively little risk
 General maintenance items that should be addressed
but pose no immediate concern. Plan to correct at a
future date.

Examples of a C type hazard are a creaking swing

requiring oil, peeling paint that is allowing the wood
to splinter, a broken fence.
Class B
 hazards pose more serious risks.
 Take steps right away to get the hazard under control.

e.g. Hygiene problem – garbage, Aircon Freon

Class A
 This type of hazard requires immediate attention. The
hazard can cause serious injury if not corrected
immediately.

e.g. Spit coke on floor

Small child left unattended in high chair
Threshold Limit Value
 maximum average airborne concentration of a
hazardous material to which healthy adult workers can
be exposed during an 8-hour workday and 40-hour
workweek—over a working lifetime—without
experiencing significant adverse health effects.
LO3: Control Hazards and Risks
 OHS procedures in controlling hazards
 Dealing with workplace emergencies
 Personal Protective Equipment
Can we Control Hazards???
Hierarchy of Hazard Control
Elimination
 Dispose of an old hazardous chemical,
 Remove an extension cord from laying across a
traveled path, or
 Lock and Tag a dangerous machine out of service.
Substitution
 Replace hazardous to environment aircon Freon with
environmental friendly one.
Engineering Controls
 Exhaust fan
 Chemical fume hood
 biosafety cabinet
 task-oriented ventilation such as a snorkle, a glove box,
or a downdraft table.
Work Practices
 using proper labeling and signage to communicate the
hazard to others
 conducting monthly lab self-inspections to regularly
eliminate any noticeable hazards
 instituting a "buddy system" when hazardous work is being
performed,
 having an emergency plan: consider "What if...." Then,
train lab users before an emergency happens,
 relocating a piece of equipment so the flow of work can be
done safely and more efficiently,
 restricting the length of time that a person is exposed to
noise, a particular substance or a specific activity,
PPE
 Perform Job Sheet 4.3-1
Identify, Evaluate and Control hazard

page 58 of Practice OHS Module

5S
 5S
 Sort means to Separate needed tools, parts, and
instructions from unneeded materials and To remove
the latter.
 Simplify means to neatly arrange and identify parts
and tools for ease of use.
 Scrub/shine means to clean up.
 Standardize means to maintain cleanliness, keeping
the workplace in perfect condition-perpetual
Cleaning.
 Sustain means having the commitment to form the
habit of always following the 5S Principles.
What to do in an Emergency
 Standard emergency response
 Alarms
 Emergency lockdown
 Medical emergencies
 Hazardous material incidents
 Gas leaks
 Bomb threats
Standard Emergency Response
 Warn anyone in immediate danger
 Contain or manage the situation, if safe to do so
 Raise the alarm by activating a 'Break Glass' alarm
 Evacuate via your closest safe exit
 Call emergency Hotline
Alarms
 All employees and visitors must respond to emergency
alarms and follow instructions.
 Check for any sign of immediate danger
 Shut down equipment/processes
 Follow the EXIT signs to evacuate
 Escort visitors and those who require assistance
 Do not use lifts
 Proceed to assembly area
“Do not enter a building in alarm, or re-enter an evacuated
building until the "all clear" has been given.”
Emergency lockdown
You will be notified if an emergency lockdown is
required by the Emergency Services, Security or
University emergency responders, via building
announcements or other mechanisms
 Remain calm
 Stay inside the building until instructed otherwise
 Follow instructions
Medical emergencies
 If a person is seriously ill or injured don't hesitate to
call 911 and ask for an ambulance.
 Call for an ambulance
 Contact the closest first aider
 If the person is unconscious, send for the closest
Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
 Call Security
 Send people to flag and direct the ambulance on
arrival
Hazardous material incidents
Hazardous materials include chemicals, biological
materials and radioactive substances in all forms.

General spill procedures

 Control the source of release or contain the spill, if safe
to do so
 Evacuate and secure the immediate area
 Determine if local and/or emergency services
assistance is required
Gas leaks
Many of the workplace buildings are serviced by natural
gas. This natural gas can be detected by odor.

Natural gas will quickly dissipate in naturally ventilated

areas and pose a limited risk of fire or explosion. Despite
this, avoid the use of mobile phones (potential ignition
source) in the immediate area.
Bomb threats
 Bomb threats are usually received via a telephone call.
If you receive a bomb threat:
 Try to remain calm
 Do not disconnect the call
 Call Security
 Notify your supervisor and head of area
 The threat will be assessed by Security and the Police.
Limitations of PPE
 It does not reduce or eliminate the hazard
 If PPE is defective, the wearer may be exposed to the
hazard without knowledge of it
 Protection afforded to wearer only
 May introduce additional hazards to the wearer
 May transfer hazards to another location
 May not be suitable for continuous use (i.e. respiratory
PE )
 May not always be worn properly
No protection if PPE is:
 Defective
 Wrong Use
 Wrong Size
 Wrong Type
 Employers Responsibility: Issue Free PPE!
LO4: MAINTAIN OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH AND SAFETY AWARENESS
 Emergency-related drills and training
 OSH personal records
 Personal Protective Equipment
Emergency Related Drills and
Training
 focused activity that allows staff and students and
administrators to practice specific functions in an
emergency drill like Fire and Earthquake.

 Functions that need to be carried out during a variety

of types of emergency situations and an drill is a very
important part of overall preparedness strategy.
Earthquake Drill
 Perform Job Sheet 4.4-1A
Participate in Earthquake
Emergency Drill

Page 86 of Practice OHS Module

 Perform Job Sheet 4.4-1B
Participate in Fire Drill

Page 87 of Practice OHS Module

OHS Personal Records
 Identify the different OHS personal
records
 Prepare accident report
Incident/Accident Report
 is a form that is filled out in order to record
details of an unusual event that occurs at the
facility, such as an injury to a patient.
 is to document the exact details of the
occurrence while they are fresh in the minds of
those who witnessed the event.
STEPS IN MAKING AN ACCIDENT
REPORT
 Following protocol
 Describing what happened
 Polishing the report
Why is training important?
 is an excellent way for employees to learn
new skills and knowledge and to
reinforce good work practices. This can
result in a change in workplace behavior
(e.g. a new way of doing something).
Perform Task Sheet 4.4-2
 Prepare Accident Report

 Page 97 of Practice OHS Module

Perform Basic First Aid Procedures
CONTENTS
 Patient Casualty Handling
 First aid guide and emergency treatments
General Rules of Emergency Care
 Know your limitations
 Stay calm
 Make quick observations
 Keep the victim lying down or in position in which he or she
was found
 Perform necessary emergency measures
 Call for help
 Do not remove clothing from the victim unless you have to
 Keep the victim warm
 Reassure the conscious victim
 Do not give the victim any food or fluids
 Do not remove the victim
 Keep bystanders away from the victim
 Give the operator the following
information
 Your location
 What has happened
 How many people need help?
 The condition of the victims
 What aid is being given
Six Steps in Emergency
1. Recognize the emergency and check the scene
2. Decide to help
3. Call 911
4. Check the victim
5. Give First Aid
6. Seek medical attention
Patient Casualty Handling
 Discuss the proper patient casualty handling and
its importance
 Treat external wounds
 Perform rescue and transfer of victim
 First Aid- emergency care given to an ill or injured
person before medical help arrives.

 Emergency Rescue – is a rapid movement of

patient from an unsafe place to a place of safety.

 Transfer – is moving a patient from one place to

another after giving first aid.
 Factors to be considered and the
selection of choosing the transfer
method
 Nature in severity of the injury
 Size of the victim
 Physical capabilities of the first aider
 Number of personnel and equipment available
 Nature of evacuation route
 Distance to be covered
 Sex of victims
Pointers to be observe during
transfer
 Victim’s airway must be maintained open
 Hemorrhage is controlled
 Victim is safely maintained in the correct position
 Regular check of the victims condition is made
 Supporting bandages and dressing remain effectively
applied
 The method of transfer is safe, comfortable and as
speedy as circumstances permit
 The patient’s body is moved as one unit
 The taller first aider stays at the head side of the victim
 First aiders/beares must observe ergonomics in lifting
and moving of patiend
Methods of transfer
 Fire mans’ carry
 Lover’s carry
 Fore hand seat
 Carry by extremities
 Four man carry
SHOCK
 Face-pale or cyanotic in color
 Skin-cold and clammy
 Breathing – irregular
 Pulse-rapid and weak
 Nausea and vomiting
 Weakness
 Thirsty
First Aid and Preventive
Management of Shock
 Proper body position. If face is red, head part is
elevated.
 Proper body heat and temperature.
 Proper transfer
Treatment & Interventions
 Keep the victim lying down
 Cover enough to maintain body heat.
 Raise feet 8-12 inches above the head and
chest.
 Don’t raise the feet if there is a head injury.
 Unsplinted fracture, difficulty in breathing
if such movement causes severe pain.
WOUND
It is break in the continuity of a tissue of the body
.
either internal or external

 Two Classifications
1. Closed Wound
Blunt object result in contusion or bruises.
Application of external forces.
2. Open Wound
Signs and Symptoms
 Pain and tenderness
 Swelling
 Discoloration
 Hematoma
 Uncontrolled restlessness
 Thirst
 Vomiting and coughing up blood
 Passage of blood in the urine and feces
 Sign of blood along mouth, nose and ear
canal.
 Symptom of shock
First Aid Management
1. I –ce application
2. C –ompression
3. E –levation
4. S –plinting
 Classification of Open wound
Causes Characteristics
P–
uncture Penetrating pointed Deep and narrow, serious or
instruments ( nails, ice pick) slight bleeding

A – brasion Scrapping or rubbing Shallow, wide, oozing of blood,

against rough surfaces dirty
L – aceration Blunt instruments such as Torn with irregular edges,
shrapnel’s rocks, broken serious or slight bleeding.
glasses, etc.

A – vulsion Explosion, animal bites, Tissue forcefully separated from

mishandling of tools, etc. the body.
I – ncision Sharp bladed instruments Clean cut, deep, severe bleeding,
(blade, razor) wound is clean.
Kinds of Bleeding
 Arterial bleeding
 Venous bleeding
 Capillary bleeding
First Aid Management

1. Wound with severe bleeding

 C – ontrol bleeding
 C- over the wound
 C – are of shock
 C – onsult or refer to physician
First Aid Management
2. Wound with bleeding not severe (home care)
 Clean the wound with soap and water
 Apply antiseptics
 Cover wound with dressing and bandage.
BURNS
 Causes of Burn:
 Defective electrical equipment
 Carelessness with match and cigarette
smoking.
 Scald from hot liquid
 Immersion of overheated bath water.
 Chemicals (acid)
Types of Burn Injuries
1. Thermal Burn – contact with hot object.
 First Aid Management
a. Stop the burning by removing the heat source.
b. Immerse the burn are with cold water or by
applying wet cloth.
c. Cover the burn with a dry, non-sticking, sterile
dressing or clean cloth.
d. Remove constricting items such as clothing.
e. Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs and
keeping the victim warm with a clean sheet or blanket.
 2. Chemical burn
 First Aid Management
a. Brush off dry chemicals
b. Remove contaminated clothing
c. Move away from fumes.
d. Flush entire area with running water for 30 to 60
minutes.
e. Cover the burn area with a dry dressing.
f. Call 911 for large or deep burns.
POISONING
Four Ways in which poison occur:
1.Ingestion – by mouth
2. Inhalation – by breathing
3. Injection – by animal bites, stings, syringes
4. Absorption – by skin contact.
INGESTED POISON
Signs and Symptoms:
 Altered mental status
 History of ingesting poison
 Burns around the mouth
 Odd breath odors.
 Abdominal pain
 Diarrhea
 Instanced when vomiting should not be
induced.
 If unresponsive such as lye, or a petroleum product
such as gasoline or furniture polish
 Cannot maintain airway
 Has ingested an acid, a corrosive such as lye, or a
petroleum product such as gasoline or furniture
polish
 Has medical condition that could be complicated by
vomiting, such as heart attack, seizures and
pregnancy
 First Aid Management
 Try to identify the poison
 Place the victim on his or her left side.
 Monitor ABCs
 Save any empty container, spoiled food for
analysis.
 Save any vomitus and keep it with the victim
if he or she is taken to an emergency facility.
INHALED POISON
Signs and Symptoms
 History of inhaling poison
 Breathing difficulty
 Chest pain
 Cough, hoarseness burning sensation of the throats
 Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin and mucous
membrane
 Dizziness, headache
 Seizures, unresponsiveness
First Aid Management

 Remove the victim from the toxic

environment and into fresh air
immediately.
 Monitor ABCs.
 Seek Medical attention
ABSORBED POISON
Signs and Symptoms
 History of exposure
 Liquid or powder on the skin
 Burns
 Itching, irritation
 Redness, rash, blisters.
 First Aid Management
 Removed the clothing
 Then with a dry cloth blot the poison from the
skin.
 If the poison is a dry powder, brush it off.
 Flood the area with copious amounts of water.
 Continually monitor the patient’s vital signs.
POISON
Insect Bites
Signs and Symptoms:
 Stinger may be present
 Pain
 Swelling
 Possible allergic reaction
 First Aid Management
 Remove stinger
 Wash wound
 Cover the wound
 Apply a cold pack
 Watch for signals of allergic reaction.
 Spider Bite/Scorpion Sting
Signs and Symptoms:
 Bite mark
 Swelling pain
 Nausea and vomiting
 Difficulty breathing or swallowing
 First Aid Management
 Wash wound
 Apply a cold pack
 Get medical care to receive antivenin
 Call local emergency number, if necessary.
Snake Bite
Signs and Symptoms
 Bite mark
 Pain
First Aid Management
 Wash the wound
 Keep bitten part still, and lower than the heart.
 Call local emergency.
Human Bite and Animal Bite
Signs and symptoms
 Bite mark
 Bleeding
First Aid Management
 If bleeding in minor-wash wound
 Control bleeding
 Apply antibiotic ointment
 Cover the wound
 Get medical attention if wound bleeds severely or if you
suspect animal has rabies.
 Call local emergency number or contact animal control
personnel.
General Care for Poisoning
 Survey the scene
 Remove the victim from the source of the poison
 Do a primary survey
 Care for any life threatening condition
 If the victim is conscious, do a secondary survey
 Do not give the victim anything by mouth unless
advised by medical professionals.
Bones Joints and Muscle Injuries:
Common Causes
 Vehicular accident
 Motorbike accidents
 Mishandling of tools and equipment
 Falls
 Sports
Muscle Cramp and Spasm
First Aid
 Have the victim stretch out the affected muscle to
counteract the cramp.
 Massage the cramped muscle firmly but gently.
 Apply heat. Moist heat is more effective than dry heat.
 Get medical help if cramps persist.
 Muscle Cramp and Pulled Muscle
Signs and Symptoms
 Pain
 Swelling
 Bruising
 Loss of efficient movement.
First Aid
 Check the victim ABC
 Keep the victim still
 Prevent infection by covering with sterile dressing before
immobilizing.
 Splint and sling the injury in the position, which you found it.
 Take step to prevent shock.
 Get medical help if cramps persist.
Muscle Cramp and Pulled Muscle
Signs and Symptoms
 Pain
 Swelling
 Bruising
 Loss of efficient movement.
First Aid
 Check the victim ABC
 Keep the victim still
 Prevent infection by covering with sterile dressing before
immobilizing.
 Splint and sling the injury in the position, which you found it.
 Take step to prevent shock.
 Get medical help.
Immobilization/Splinting
Use of Band ages
 Collarbone
 Rib
 Ankle
 Arm support
Use of Wood or other Improvised Splints
 Elbow
 Forearm/hands/Wrist
 Finger
 Hip/Thigh
 Knee/Leg
 Ankle
 Traction Splints.
 Spinal Injuries Management
 Violent impact to the head, neck, torso or
pelvis
 Sudden acceleration or deceleration
accidents.
 Falls from a significant height with the
patient/victim landing on the head or feet.
 Gunshot wounds to the neck or trunk
 All shallow water diving accidents.
 All unrestrained victim of a vehicle crash.
Signs and Symptoms of Spinal Injuries

 Pain in the head, neck and back

 Numbness, tingling or weakness
 Pain when in motion
 Deformity
 Tenderness
 Laceration or contusion
 Paralysis
Task Sheet 4.5-2A

 Treat Wound (External)

Page 122 of OSH Module

Task Sheet 4.5-2B
 Perform Bandaging (Broken Shoulder)

Page 124 of OSH Module

Task Sheet 4.5-2C
 Perform Splinting

Page 126 of OSH Module

IDENTIFICATION and CLASSIFICATION
OF DRUGS

 Legal Drugs
 Illegal Drugs
Drugs
• are chemicals that change the way a person's body
works.
• It brings about physical, emotional or behavioral
change in a person taking it.
Legal Drugs
 Medicines
are legal drugs, meaning doctors are allowed to
prescribe them for patients, stores can sell them and
people are allowed to buy them.
Illegal Drugs

 When people talk about a "drug problem,"

they usually mean abusing legal drugs or
using illegal drugs, such as marijuana,
ecstasy and shabu.
COMMONLY ABUSE DRUGS
 SHABU
(Methamphetamine hydrochloride) also
known as Ice, chalk, meth, crystal, crank, fire, glass,
speed, poor man's cocaine
 MARIJUANA
(Cannabis) also known as "damo", pot, mary
jane, blunt, joint, roach, nail
 ECSTASY
(Methylenedioxymethampetamine – MDMA)
also known as E, X, XTC, Adam, clarity, Lover's
speed
INHALANTS

 RUGBY
a product that is usually used as adhesive but
has addictive properties
VOLATILE SOLVENTS
liquids that are flammable is being abuse due
to its addictive smell/fragrance and effect.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

 NATURAL DRUGS
anything that comes from nature without mixing
it to other chemicals or drugs like marijuana, opium,
cocaine etc.
SYNTHETIC DRUGS
anything that is produced artificially or processed
in the laboratory.
PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
 STIMULANT “UPPERS”
excite the central nervous system, increase
alertness, alleviate fatigue, reduce hunger and
provide a feeling of well-being. Examples are shabu
and cocaine.
 DEPRESSANT "DOWNERS" OR "BARBS”
Decrease the activity of any bodily function.
Reduce activity of central nervous system. Examples
are sedatives, sleeping pills and tranquilizers.

 HALLUCINOGENS - "PSYCHEDELICS“
Appetite suppressant, produces marked
distortion of the senses and changes in perception.
Examples are marijuana, ketamine and ecstasy.
EFFECTS OF DRUGS
 SHORT TERM EFFECTS
 Increased alertness
 Sense of well-being
 Paranoia
 Intense high
 Hallucinations
 Aggressive behavior
 Increased heart rate
 Extreme rise in body temperature (as high as
40 degree C)
 Convulsions
 Uncontrollable movements
 Violent behavior
 Insomnia
 Impaired speech
 Dry and itchy skin
 Loss of appetite
 Acne and sores
 Numbness
 LONG TERM EFFECTS
 Fatal kidney and lung disorders
 Possible brain damage
 Depression
 Hallucinations
 Disorganized lifestyle
 Permanent psychological problems
 Violent and aggressive behavior
 Weight loss
 Insomnia
 Paranoid schizophrenia
 Decreased social life
 Malnutrition
 Poor coping abilities
 Disturbance of personality development
 Lowered resistance to illness
 Liver damage
 Stroke
 DEATH
EFFECTS OF DRUGS TO FAMILY

 Negativism
 Parental inconsistency
 Parental denial.
 Miscarried expression of anger.
 Self‐medication
 Neglected children
 Financial problems
 EFFECTS OF DRUGS TO SCHOOL AND
COMMUNITY
 Increased stress and psychological burdens on
society, especially in response to escalating serious
crime rates associated with the trade including
property loss, murders and kidnappings.
 Child Abuse and Neglect
 Drop-outs and violence in schools
 Absences in class and lack of interest to study
PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST DRUG ABUSE

 Simply say "NO TO DRUGS“.

Inculcate in your mind that drugs will not get on
your way and keep your stand against this menace.
Say NO repeatedly and consistently
Be consistent and determined to avoid drugs.
 Give an excuse or reason not to use drugs
Just think of your family and the things that are
good around you like your friends, your hobbies and the
goodness of God.
 Just walk away from drugs
This means simply keeping away from influences
of people and surroundings that may inflict you to use
drugs.
 Avoid situations
Events, situations or conditions that may push
you or encourage you to take drugs should be avoided,
like joining group of friends who encourages the use of
drugs.
 Ignore the existence
This is simplest of all preventive measures, just
ignore what you heard or knew about drugs.
 Cultivate your talents
One of the most common way to avoid drug
problems is to do the things you enjoy most, like playing
basketball, joining a theater play, playing the musical
instruments or any other activity that may improve
oneself.
REASONS PEOPLE TURN TO DRUGS
 Drugs can solve problems
 Escape from reality
 Peer pressure
 Curiosity
 Enjoyment
TASK SHEET NO. 6.1-3

 List down activities that you may do with

your friends
 Page 149 of OHS Module
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF DRUG PROBLEMS

Republic Act 9165

also known as the "Comprehensive Dangerous
Drugs Act of 2002" declares that it is the policy of the
State to safeguard the integrity of its territory and the
well-being of its citizenry particularly the youth, from
the harmful effects of dangerous drugs on their physical
and mental well-being, and to defend the same against
acts or omissions detrimental to their development and
preservation.
ILLEGAL DRUG ACTIVITIES BASED ON R.A. 9165

 SALE, TRADING, DELIVERY, DISTRIBUTION,

TRANSPORTATION - Life imprisonment and P500K-
10M fine, regardless of quantity and purity.
 MANUFACTURE OF DANGEROUS DRUGS & OR
CONTROLLED PRECURSORS AND ESSENTIAL
CHEMICALS (CPECs) - Life imprisonment and
P500K- 10M fine
POSSESSION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS
Life imprisonment and P500K- 10M fine
 10 grams or more of cocaine
 50 grams or more of shabu
 500 grams or more of marijuana
 POSSESSION OF EQUIPMENT & OTHER
PARAPHERNALIA FOR DANGEROUS DRUGS - 6
months to 4 years imprisonment and P10K- 50k fine
 POSSESSION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS DURING
PATIES, SOCIAL GATHERINGS AND MEETINGS -
Maximum penalty (life imprisonment and 500 K to 10
M pesos fine), involves atleast three persons
 POSSESSION OF EQUIPMENT & OTHER
PARAPHERNALIA FOR DANGEROUS DRUGS during
parties, social gatherings & meetings - Maximum
penalty (6 months to 4 years imprisonment, 10 K to 50
K pesos fine), involves atleast 3 persons
 USE OF DANGEROUS DRUGS - 1st Offense: min 6
months rehabilitation, 2nd Offense: imprisonment of
6-12 years and P50K-200K fine
 EMPOWERING THE COMMUNITY BASED ON
R.A. 9165
 Involvement of the FAMILY - Education & Awareness
ill effects of dangerous drugs, Monitoring of family
members
 SPECIAL EDUCATION CENTER – for out of school
youths, operated by DILG, DSWD and funded by LGU
 DRUG-FREE WORKPLACE PROGRAM -
Development, promotion, and implementation of a
national drug abuse prevention program
 LOCAL GOV’T UNITS ASSISTANCE - Allocation of
budget prioritizing preventive and educational
program; and treatment and rehab, Creation of DILG
MC’s on Anti-Drug Abuse Councils
INTERVENTION AND SERVICES FOR DRUG
DEPENDENTS
An intervention is a carefully planned process
involving family and friends and sometimes colleagues,
clergy members, government institutions
 Provides specific examples of destructive behaviors
and their impact on the addicted person and loved
ones
 Offers a prearranged treatment plan with clear steps,
goals and guidelines
 Spells out what each person will do if a loved one
refuses to accept treatment
STEPS IN INTERVENTION

 Planning
 Gathering information
 Forming the intervention team
 Deciding on specific consequences
 Writing down what to say
 The intervention meeting
 Follow-up