SUPERCAPACITOR’S

BY ::
SHUBHAM GOYAL
B.TECH ECE 6TH SEM
16152024
 TABLE OF CONTENT ::

 What is a Capacitor ?
 What is a Supercapacitor ?
 Advantages Of Supercapacitor
 Design & Construction of Supercapacitor
 How Supercapacitor Works ?
 Supercapacitor vs Normal Capacitor’s ?
 Present & Future Application’s
 Disadvantages of Supercapacitor
 WHAT IS A CAPACITOR ?

 A CAPACITOR is a passive two terminal electronic component that stores electrical energy in an
electric field. The effect of capacitor is known as Capacitance .

Symbol ::

 A Capacitor is made up of two conductors separated by an insulator known as Dielectric, which

can be paper , plastic , ceramic , glass.
 The electron storing capacity of an capacitor is measured in unit FARADS(F).
 WHAT IS A SUPERCAPACITOR ?

 A Supercapacitor ( SC ) is a specially designed high capacity capacitor

with capacitance values much higher than other capacitors.
 Also knowns as Supercap, Goldcap or Ultracapacitor or
Electric Double Layer Capacitor.
 They are capable of storing 10 to 100 times more energy per unit volume than a normal capacitor &
can accept or deliver charge much faster than batteries and also can tolerate much more charge
and discharge cycles.
 Capacitance range is 100F to 5KF.
 ADVANTAGES OF SUPERCAPACITOR

 LONG LIFE: It works for large number of cycle without wear and aging.
 RAPID CHARGING: It takes a very less time to charge completely.
 LOW COST: It is less expensive as compared to electrochemical battery.
 HIGH POWER STORAGE: It stores huge amount of energy in a small volume.
 FASTER RELEASE: It release the energy at faster rate than battery.
 It’s toxicity level is too low. Thus more safe to use.
 Supercapacitors do not get heated up like ordinary ones.
 Have Wide working temperatures -40 to 60 Celsius.
 DESIGN OF SUPERCAPACITOR

 Supercapacitors consist of :
 2 Electrodes separated by an ion permeable membrane (separator)
 An Electrolyte which electrically connects both electrodes.
 When the voltage is applied, ions in the electrolyte form electric double layers of opposite polarity
to the electrode’s polarity. Positive electrodes will have a layer of negative ions and negative
electrodes will have alayer of positive ions.
The following diagram shows the Supercapacitor module by arranging the individual cell.
C C C C C --
+
1 2 3 4 5

Ultracapacitor stack
 CONSTRUCTION OF SUPERCAPACITOR

 Supercapacitors are constructed with two metal foils, each coated with an electrode material
such as activated carbon.
 The electrodes are kept apart by an ion - permeable membrane (separator) used
as an insulator to protect the electrodes against short circuits.
 The construction is subsequently rolled or folded into a
cylindrical or rectangular shape and is packed in an
aluminum can.
1. Positive Electrode 7. Carbon Electrode
2. Negative Electrode 8. Collector
3. Separator 9. Carbon Electrode
4. Aluminum Can 10. Negative Pole
5. Positive Pole
6. Separator
 HOW SUPERCAPACITOR WORKS :

 There are two carbon sheet separated by separator.

 The geometrical size of carbon sheet is taken in such a way that they have a very high surface area.
 The highly porous carbon can store more energy than any other electrolytic capacitor.
 When the voltage is applied to positive plate, it attracts negative ions from electrolyte.
 When the voltage is applied to negative plate, it attracts positive ions from electrolyte.
 Therefore, there is a formation of a layer of ions on the both side of plate. This is called ‘Double
layer’ formation.
 For this reason, the ultracapacitor can also be called Double layer capacitor.
 The ions are then stored near the surface of carbon.
 The distance between the plates is in the order of angstroms.
 According to the formula for the capacitance,
Dielectric constant of medium X area of the plate
 Capacitance = ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Distance between the plates
FORMATION OF DOUBLE LAYER
 SUPERCAPACITORS BATTERIES
High power density than capacitors Have higher power density than both

Much faster charge & discharge rates Slow Charge & Discharge rates

Over a million charge-discharge cycles Typically 200-1000 charge-discharge cycles

Environmental friendly Contains highly reactive & hazardous chemicals

Can work in both low & high temperature conditions Can’t work in low temperature conditions

Very high efficiency (97-98)% Low efficiency

Power density vs energy density graph tell us --

• Extreme high cyclability in supercapacitors
• Ageing favours supercapacitors
• Supercapacitors can work in harsh environment
• High self discharge rates for supercapacitors
 APPLICATIONS

 They are used in electronic applications such as cellular electronics, power conditioning, uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS).

 They are used in wireless communication system for uninterrupted service.

 There are used in VCRs, CD players, electronic toys, security systems, computers, scanners, smoke detectors,
microwaves and coffee makers.
 Light weight power supplies for small aircraft
 They used in industrial lasers, medical equipment.
 They are used in Hybrid Electric Vehicle and for load leveling to extend the life & cycles of batteries.
 Provide short duration power for various vehicle systems such as breaking or steering.
 DISADVANTAGES OF SUPERCAPACITORS

 High Cost
 Requires expert electroniccontrol.
 Cannot be used in AC and high frequency circuits.
 Individual cell shows low voltage and so serial connections are needed to obtain higher voltages.
 Voltage balancing is required when more than three capacitors are connected in series.
 They have Low energy density usually holds 1/5–1/10of abattery
 Not all the energy can be utilized during discharge.
 They have high self-discharge as compared to battery.