Geography:

Sudan, in northeast Africa, is the largest country on the

continent, measuring about one-fourth the size of the
United States. Its neighbors are Chad and the Central
African Republic on the west, Egypt and Libya on the
north, Ethiopia and Eritrea on the east, and South
Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, and Democratic Republic of the
Congo on the south. The Red Sea washes about 500 mi
of the eastern coast. It is traversed from north to south
by the Nile, all of whose great tributaries are partly or
entirely within its borders.
History:

 in ancient times, it was the kingdom of Nubia, which

came under Egyptian rule after 2600 B.C.
 an Egyptian and Nubian civilization called Kush flourished
until A.D. 350
 missionaries converted the region to Christianity in the
6th century
 but an influx of Muslim Arabs, who had already
conquered Egypt, eventually controlled the area and
replaced Christianity with Islam
History:

 during the 1500s a group of people called the Funj

conquered much of Sudan, and several other black
African groups settled in the south, including the Dinka,
Shilluk, Nuer, and Azande
 Egyptians again conquered Sudan in 1874, and after
Britain occupied Egypt in 1882, it took over Sudan in
1898, ruling the country in conjunction with Egypt. It was
known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan between 1898 and
1955.
History:

 the 20th century saw the growth of Sudanese

nationalism, and in 1953 Egypt and Britain granted
Sudan self-government
 independence was proclaimed on Jan. 1, 1956
 since independence, Sudan has been ruled by a
series of unstable parliamentary governments and
military regimes under Maj. Gen. Gaafar Mohamed
Nimeiri
History:

 differences in language, religion, ethnicity, and

political power erupted in an unending civil war
between government forces, strongly influenced by
the National Islamic Front (NIF) and the southern
rebels, whose most influential faction is the Sudan
People's Liberation Army (SPLA)
The Many Conflicts in Sudan

 Sudan was embroiled in two prolonged civil wars

during most of the remainder of the 20th century
 a separate conflict also broke out in the western
region of Darfur in 2003
 killed 2.5 million people and displaced 4 million
The First Civil War

 rooted in northern economic, political, and social

domination of largely non-Muslim, non-Arab
southern Sudan
 Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on
promises to southerners to create a federal system,
which led to a mutiny by Southern troops
 feeling disenfranchised and cheated, separatist
Southerners began an initially low-intensity civil war
aimed at establishing an independent South
The First Civil War

 lasted seventeen (17) years, from 1955 to 1972

 ended in 1972 after the signing of the Addis Ababa
Accords granting southern Sudan wide regional
autonomy on internal matters
 this led to a period of ten years of hiatus in the civil
war
The Second Civil War

 Sudan instituted fundamentalist Islamic law in 1983

 this exacerbated the rift between the Arab north,

the seat of the government, and the black African
animists and Christians in the south
Conflict in Darfur

 goes back to land disputes between semi-nomadic

livestock herders and those who practice sedentary
agriculture

 about resources as the nomadic tribes facing

drought are going after the territory of sedentary
farmers
Conflict in Darfur

 starting point of the conflict in the Darfur region is

said to be 26 February 2003
 when a group calling itself the Darfur Liberation
Front (DLF) publicly claimed credit for an attack on
Gulu, the headquarters of Jebel Marra District
Conflict in Darfur

 one side of the conflict was composed mainly of the

official Sudanese military and police, and the
Janjaweed
 the other combatants are made up of rebel groups,
notably the SLM/A and the JEM
COMPREHENSIVE PEACE ARGEEMENT (CPA) 2005
 on January 2005 the Sudan People’s Liberation
Movement (SPLM) and the Government of Sudan
entered into an agreement, The Comprehensive Peace
Agreement (CPA), also known as the Naivasha
Agreement
 the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) was meant
to end the Second Sudanese Civil War, develop
democratic governance countrywide and share oil
revenues.
 it further set a timetable by which Southern Sudan
would have a referendum on its independence
July–August 2006

 July and August 2006 saw renewed fighting, with

international aid organizations considering leaving due
to attacks against their personnel.
 Kofi Annan called for the deployment of 18,000
international peacekeepers in Darfur to replace the
African Union force of 7,000.
 on 24 August, Sudan rejected attending a United
Nation Security Council (UNSC) meeting to explain its
plan of sending 10,000 Sudanese soldiers to Darfur
instead of the proposed 20,000 UN peacekeeping force.
 the UNSC announced it would hold the meeting
despite Sudan's non-attendance.
International Criminal Court charges

 in April 2007, the Judges of the ICC issued arrest

warrants against the former Minister of State for the
Interior, Ahmed Haroun, and a Janjaweed leader, Ali
Kushayb, for crimes against humanity and war crimes.
 the Sudan Government said that the ICC had no
jurisdiction to try Sudanese citizens and that it would
not hand the two men over to authorities in the Hague.
 on 14 July 2008, the Prosecutor filed ten charges of
war crimes against Sudan’s incumbent President Omar
al-Bashir, three counts of genocide, five of crimes
against humanity and two of murder.
International Criminal Court charges

 In July, 2010, Sudan’s president Omal al-Bashir was

finally charged by Hague for orchestrating Darfur
genocide, three counts of genocide in Darfur by the
International Criminal Court.
 Mr. al-Bashir is now the first incumbent head of state
charged with crimes in the Rome Statute. Bashir has
rejected the charges and said, "Whoever has visited
Darfur, met officials and discovered their ethnicities
and tribes ... will know that all of these things are lies."
International Criminal Court charges

 It is expected that al-Bashir will not face trial in The

Hague until he is apprehended in a nation which
accepts the ICC's jurisdiction, as Sudan is not a state
party to the Rome Statute which it signed but didn't
ratify.
Doha peace forum

 In December 2010, representatives of the Liberation

and Justice Movement, an umbrella organization of ten
rebel groups formed in February 2010, started a fresh
round of talks with the Sudanese Government in Doha,
Qatar.
 A new rebel group, the Sudanese Alliance Resistance
Forces in Darfur, has also been formed and the Justice
and Equality Movement is planning further talks.
 The talks ended on December 19 without a new peace
agreement but basic principles were agreed, these
included a regional authority and a referendum on
autonomy for Darfur.
Doha peace forum

 A Darfuri Vice-President was also discussed.

 In June 2011, a new Darfur Peace Agreement 2011 was
proposed by the Joint Mediators at the Doha Peace
Forum.
 The proposed document included provisions for a
Darfuri Vice-President and an administrative structure
that includes both three states and a strategic regional
authority, the Darfur Regional Authority, to oversee
Darfur as a whole.
SOUTH SUDAN

 in a historic seven-day secessionist referendum that

began in southern Sudan on January 9, 2011, 98.8% of
voters chose independence from the north
 the referendum was a provision of the 2005
Comprehensive Peace Agreement, which ended a 22-
year civil war
 on July 9, 2011, the Republic of South Sudan declared
its independence and became Africa's 54th state
 Salva Kiir, South Sudan's president, signed the interim
constitution
SOUTH SUDAN

 South Sudan becomes one of the poorest countries in

the world with half of the population living on less
than $1 per day and an adult literacy rate of less than
25%. South Sudan also needs to establish a new
government and constitution.

 PRESIDENT:
Salva Kiir Mayardit
Taiwan flag was
officially adopted on
October 28, 1928.

* The white sun on the

blue field was the
Kuomingtang party flag

•the rays represent two

hours of each day

• The red field

represents the Han
Chinese race.
 TAIWAN

 Located in South eastern Asia

 Bordered by South China Sea , East China Sea, and
Philippine Sea
 Capital is Taipei
 almost 23 million people
 Government Type: multiparty democracy
 chief of state: President MA Ying-jeou (since 20 May
2008); Vice President Vincent SIEW (since 20 May
2008)
 TAIWAN

 head of government: Premier (President of the

Executive Yuan) WU Den-yih (since 10 September
2009); Vice Premier (Vice President of Executive Yuan)
Sean CHEN (since 17 May 2010)

 Has four ethnic groups constitute the population:

aborigines,
Hakka,
Hok-lo; and
Mainlanders
History:

 originally inhabited by the Austronesians

 Some inhabitants along the southeastern coast of the
Chinese Empire started to emigrate (mid-sixteenth
century)
 Dutch Occupation at southwestern coast (1624)
 Was conquered by Ching Dynasty (1683)
 Ching Empire ceded Taiwan to Japan (1894)
*Japanese rule for 50 yrs > Shinto
 Declaration of Taiwanese independence (Between
1928 and 1931)
 Forced Unification : After WW II, under Chinese reign
again (Japan was defeated)
*Kuomintang (KMT) regime
 SOME POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
 Taiwanese sought for Democracy from the Chinese
which resulted to a bloody revolution in 1949
 on August 25 and 26 1991, the Taiwanese opposition
party, Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and several
social groups and political organizations gathered for
People's Constitutional Assembly.
 concluding the conference was the "Draft of the
Taiwan Constitution" outlining the institutional
structure of government such as a unicameral
legislature. It also asserts the fundamental social
rights and the right to local self-rule and direct
election of the president.
 Taiwan has several movements to gain international
personality and get membership in United Nations
 Taiwan’s status according to China

 A wayward province of PRC

 A de facto independent country without de jure
independence
 Not independent, under still the jurisdiction of
PRC
 No international personality
 Basis of China’s Territorial Claim
 First: every sovereign country has the right
to protect its unity and territorial integrity

 Second: Taiwan historically belongs to

China

 Third: the proclamation issued at the Cairo

conferences in 1943 states that Taiwan be
returned to China

 Fourth: Taiwan is considered a part of

China in the international world
 FIRST CLAIM

“Every sovereign country has the right to protect its

unity and territorial integrity”

Principle of self-determination

Modern international law pronounces the idea that, people have a right,
which is above the territorial right of a state, to found a government that
can truly represent all the people in the said region and not to be subject
to oppression as a result of racial, religious, ethnic and other differences.
So when a certain number of people, or the minority groups within an
existing state are oppressed, they have the right to demand
independence and self-determination. That is, a state's territorial right
cannot override the principle of self-determination.

Ergo, An effort to become an independent country conforms

fully to the principle of self-determination widely adopted in
international law
 SECOND CLAIM

“Taiwan historically belongs to China”

Feudalism not applicable

China cannot definitively determine whom the jurisdiction of Taiwan

should belong to. While such a rule may have been applied to the
resolution of territorial disputed in the past, it was mainly used to
settle disputes among two or more states such as those
between China and India, and China and southeast Asian countries, etc.
So it is inappropriate to apply this principle to Taiwan’s case.

Moreover, this rule was adopted during the feudal era when a lord
treated his people on his land as his own possession at his disposal. In
modern societies, the will of the people on the land in dispute has
become decisive in the judicature of the International Court of Justice.

Ergo, she should not be all the disposal of any alien power; the will of
the people should decide the future of the land, not vice versa.
 THIRD CLAIM

“The proclamation issued at the Cairo conferences in 1943

states that Taiwan be returned to China”

Only mutual peace treaties signed by the warring states shall be

binding

 it is questionable whether the proclamation made at the Cairo conferences is legally

equivalent to an international treaty since Japan was not among the attendants of
these conferences, it was not legally bound by the proclamation made during these
conferences. That is, the Cairo Declaration had no virtual constraining power with regard
to Japan and its occupied territories. Since international law recognized only mutual
peace treaties signed by the warring states, the San Francisco Peace Treaty (1951) is
much more appropriate in determining the status of Taiwan.

- Japan gave up its claims on Taiwan and the Pescadores. However, there
were no remarks saying that Taiwan would be given to China (According
to Article 21, what China would gain was stipulated in Articles 10 and
14). After signing this treaty, Japan no longer has any right to
give Taiwan away because according to international law it did not
own Taiwan anymore.
 FOURTH CLAIM

“Taiwan is considered a part of China in the international

world “

Jurisdiction Dispute: Beyond the scope of other states

 China suggests that 157 countries recognize that Taiwan is part of China. In
fact, these countries use words such as "understand" or "notice" instead of
"endorse" of "confer" referring to the "One China" policy

 Countries not directly involved in a territorial dispute have no right to

decide on the ownership according to international law. For example, it
means little if Japan recognizes Hawaii as a part of Canada

 If in fact, countries recognize Taiwan as part of China, they would and

should have to acquire China's permission when they trade with Taiwan and
when their people, aircraft, ships travel in and out of Taiwan; otherwise,
these actions would clearly violate China's sovereignty. The fact that they do
not have to deal with Taiwan vis-a-vis China again demonstrates their
recognition that Taiwan is not part of China.
 Taiwan a state?

Taiwan claims that:

 it ranks medium in population and territory;

 it is in the upper tier in terms of culture and economy.
 it’s trading volume ranks fourteenth; the ranking of our GDP is
twentieth while that of GNP per capita is twenty-fifth in the world
 it’s foreign reserves come closely after Japan's and Germany's while it
has become the seventh biggest country in foreign investment
 it has provided technical assistance, human resources and monetary
aid to help many developing and under-developed countries

Article 4 of the UN Charter:

“Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states

which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the
judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these
obligations.
The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be
effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the
Security Council.”
1.Has space or territory that has internationally recognized boundaries
2.Has people who live there on an ongoing basis
3. Has economic activity and an organized economy. A country
regulates foreign and domestic trade and issues money.
4. Has the power of social engineering, such as education.
5. Has a transportation system for moving goods and people.
6. Has a government that provides public services and police power.
7. Has sovereignty > China still claims to have control over Taiwan
8. Has external recognition. A country has been "voted into the club" by
other countries > to only 25 countries

* According to Montreal Gazette (October 25, 1971), Taiwan has never

been a member of the United Nations, for the seat allotted to China in
1945 was given not to Chiang Kai-shek government, but, to the
Chinese nation
Take Taiwan's Case to the International Court of Justice?

- But only nations may file a legal action with the ICJ. If
Taiwan is blocked from filing themselves, asking the ICJ to
issue an advisory opinion should be feasible through their
allies…
Article 96 of ICJ Statute:

“a. The General Assembly or the Security Council may request the
International Court of Justice to give an advisory opinion on any legal
question.
b. Other organs of the United Nations and specialized agencies,
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx so authorized by the General Assembly, may also
request advisory opinions of the Court on legal questions arising
within the scope of their activities.”
The General Assembly has exercised this power on a
number of occasions

China has veto rights in the UN Security Council.

Over opposition from permanent members of the Security

Council, the General Assembly has sought advisory opinions
from the International Court of Justice on such
controversial matters as the legality of nuclear weapons.

There is no reason why the United Nations should

allow China to follow a path toward war
against Taiwan when adequate mechanisms exist to resolve
the legal questions about Taiwan's international status.

 The General Assembly should request an advisory opinion

from the International Court of Justice regarding Taiwan's
right to self-determination as a former colony of Japan.
The Philippine-Taiwan Conflict
Cause of the Conflict

The deportation of 14 Taiwan nationals to

mainland china instead of Taiwan on allegations
that they were involved in a multimillion
international fraud scam.
Background

• The 14 Taiwan residents were nabbed by

forces of the National Bureau of Investigation
and Chinese officials in December 2010 on
allegations that they were involved in a
multimillion international fraud scam. They are
facing charges in China.
• the government deported the 14 Taiwanese to
China to protect the interest of the Philippines.
The Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) has
invoked its rule to abide by the One-China
policy that recognizes jurisdiction of Beijing
over Taiwan.
• “Based on the account made by [Justice]
Secretary Leila de Lima, there was a red flag
from the Interpol and when their [14
Taiwanese] identification was being
requested. They failed to present proper
identification and their original travel
documents.
• The country's decision to deport 14 Taiwan
residents to China on Feb. 2 sparked
protests from Taipei.

Taipei recalled its top envoy to Manila,

Taiwan Economic and Cultural Office head
• TAIWANESE President Ma Ying-jeou is
angered with the deportation of 14
Taiwan residents to mainland China
instead of to the island, adding that they
are considering to freeze permanently
the hiring of Filipino workers and
demanded apology from the Philippine
government.
• Ma said that the Philippine government
committed at least three grave mistakes in
the deportation of the Taiwanese.

• He was referring to the decision of the

Bureau of Immigration to deport the
Taiwanese on the basis that they were
“undocumented” and the Philippine
government also violated its own laws
when it disregarded the writ of habeas
corpus issued by the Court of Appeals.
• Malacanang said that issuing an apology
to the Taiwanese government would be
implying that the Philippines made a
mistake in deporting the 14 Taiwanese to
mainland China and maintained that the
government will not apologize to Taiwan,
saying that the position of this
government is that we have done
everything legally and properly
• Taiwan Council of Labor Affairs Chairman
Jennifer Wang implemented a serious
punitive measures after the Philippine
government refused to apologize to
Taiwan and added that the council has
devised a contingency to respond to the
freeze hiring of Filipino workers. There
are about 100,000 Filipino workers in
Taiwan, mostly working in the industry
and household sectors.
• Taiwan has pulled out its offices here
after the incident and has stopped the
deployment of overseas Filipino workers
there.
Location: Southwestern Asia, bordering the
Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia

Government: Republican Government

History:

1801 - Annexed in the RussianEmpire

1918-1921 Brief independence with the
Democratic Republic of Georgia%
1922-1936 became part of the Transcaucasian Socialist
Federative Soviet Republic and then formed the
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic until the dissolution
of the Soviet Union
1991 – Gain independence and the first president is
Zviad Gamsakhurdia but was deposed in a
bloody coup d'état within the year and the country
became embroiled in a bitter civil war, which
lasted until 1995 .
The rebels Abkhazia and South Ossetia
achieved de facto independence from Georgia
with the Support of Russia.
History:

 2003 – Rose Revolution which forced Eduard

Shevardnadze to resign
 2004 – born of the new government under Mikhei
Saakashvili which prevented the secession of a
third breakaway republic in the Ajaria Crisis
 2008 - Russo-Georgian War which resulted from
the conflict of the Abkhazia and South Ossetia
The 2008 Georgia-Russia Crisis

It is a current and ongoing international crisis between

Georgia and Russia that escalated in 2008, when both
countries accused each other of military buildup near the
separatist regions Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Georgia Drone-Downing Incident

on April 20, 2008 a Georgian unmanned unarmed

aerial vehicle (UAV) was shot down over the Abkhazian
conflict zone

Abkhazia's separatist administration immediately said

its own forces shot down the drone because it was
violating Abkhaz airspace and breached ceasefire
agreements. However, Georgia's defense ministry
released video the next day showing what appears to be
a Russian MiG-29 shooting down the unarmed Georgian
drone. Moscow denied Georgia’s accusation and stressed
that none of its planes were in the region at the time.
Georgia Drone-Downing Incident

on April 24, a closed-door U.N. Security Council

emergency session convened at Georgia’s request failed
to resolve the dispute

early in May 2008, both Russian and Abkhaz sides

claimed that three more Georgian reconnaissance
drones were shot over Abkhazia, and declared that
Georgia was preparing to mount an offensive into the
region in the near future
Georgia Drone-Downing Incident

on May 26, 2008, the U.N. mission released the

conclusion of its independent investigation into the April
20 incident. It confirmed that the Georgian video footage
and radar data were authentic and the jet which
destroyed the drone was indeed Russian.
Military Build-Up in Abkhazia

the UAV incident triggered a new rise in tensions

between the two countries. On April 29, Russia
announced it would increase its military presence in the
region and threatened to retaliate militarily against
Georgia’s efforts.

the European Union also urged caution, saying to

increase troop numbers would be “unwise” given current
tensions, while the United States has called on Russia “to
reconsider some provocative steps” it had taken in
respect of Georgia’s breakaway region Abkhazia.
Military Build-Up in Abkhazia

According to the Russian Ministry of Defense, it

increased the number of its peacekeepers in Abkhazia to
2,542 peacekeepers, which is 458 short of the 3,000 limit
set by agreement. The Georgian Prime Minister said
Georgia would treat any additional troops in Abkhazia as
aggressors, while President Saakashvili, in his televised
address, pledged to pursue only a peaceful line in the
conflict areas and called upon the Abkhaz and Ossetians
to unite with Georgia in defying attempts by "outrageous
and irresponsible external force to trigger bloodshed“.
2008 South Ossetia War

This crisis gave rise on August 7, 2008, to a war

involving Georgia and Russia along with Georgia's
breakaway regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia.

On August 8, 2008, after Georgian troops tried to

retake the breakaway province and launched an
offensive involving heavy bombardment, Russian forces
entered South Ossetia and Abkhazia.
2008 South Ossetia War

After four days of intense fighting, Georgian forces were expelled

from South Ossetia and Abkhazia. A Russian thrust towards Gori
was repelled, but Russian paratroopers raided Georgian bases
from Abkhazia. The Russian Air Force bombed military and
logistical targets inside Georgia, and the Russian Navy entered
Abkhazian waters and defeated Georgian Naval Forces in a brief
skirmish. Both sides agreed to a ceasefire on August 12, but the
next day Russia violated that ceasefire, sending regular and
paramilitary forces into Georgia proper. The Georgian Army
retreated to defend Tbilisi, and the Russians took the main
highway and the cities of Poti and Gori without a fight, removing
or destroying any military equipment left behind, and set up
"buffer zones" around the Abkhazian and South Ossetian borders,
gradually withdrawing.
2008 South Ossetia War

Georgia's military strength was damaged, but quickly

recovered, having reached a strength greater than pre-
war levels in 2010. Russia stationed additional forces in
South Ossetia and Abkhazia, built new military bases
there, and subsequently recognized their independence.
Georgia responded by cutting off relations with Russia.
Post-War Events in 2008

on August 26, 2008, Russia officially recognized both

South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states.

In response to Russia’s recognition of Abkhazia and

South Ossetia, the Georgian government announced that
the country cut all diplomatic relations with Russia.
Russia had already closed its embassy right after the
beginning of the war in South Ossetia in August 2008
before diplomatic relations between the two countries
ended.
Electrical Sources:

http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/01/opinion/01iht-edhwang.t.htm
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/tw.html
http://taup.yam.org.tw/1t1c/tp1tce11.html
www.taiwanadvice.com/examlegal.pdf
http://www.icj-cij.org/
maps.google.com
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107996.html?pageno=1#ixzz1UhwDPdL6
www.iss.co.za/af/profiles/Sudan/darfur/cpaprov.htm
http://www.islamonline.net/english/news/2008-09/14/03.shtml. Retrieved 2008-10-02
http://www.icc-cpi.int/NR/exeres/6670DB89-C6FF-45D4-8936-FF3F228FD961.htm
http://www.undp.org.ge/index.php?sec_id=33&lang_id=ENG
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gg.html