AIR ,TANAH

&
TANAMAN
1
Proses fotosintesis memerlukan air

2
 CO2 dari Udara

Fotosintesis:
CO2 + H2O ---- Karbohidrat
(Glukosa)

Glukosa Pati
dan senyawa organik lain dalam buah
dan biji

Air dari tanah

3
 CO2 dari Udara

Fotosintesis:
CO2 + H2O Karbohidrat
(Glukosa)

Glukosa Pati
dan senyawa organik lain
dalam biji

Stomata:
Pintu lalulintas CO2,
O2, dan H2O

Air dari tanah

4
 Budidaya
tanaman padi sawah
memerlukan banyak air

5
 KEBUTUHAN AIR
TANAMAN

A plant has different

water needs at different
stages of growth. While
a plant is young it
requires less water than
when it is in the
reproductive stage.

When the plant

approaches maturity, its
water need drops.
Curves have been
developed that show the
daily water needs for
Kurva Penggunaan Air Musiman most types of crops.
oleh Tanaman 6
Komposisi tanah menurut volume

Tanah subur yg ideal:

• Mineral 45%
• Organic matter 5%
• Water 25%
• Air 25%

7
 Tiga komponen tanah
The soil system is composed of three major components: solid
particles (minerals and organic matter), water with various
dissolved chemicals, and air.

The percentage of these components varies greatly with soil texture

and structure.
An active root system requires a delicate balance between the three
soil components; but the balance between the liquid and gas phases
is most critical, since it regulates root activity and plant growth
process.

8
 Plants develop the tension, or
potential, to move soil water
from the soil into
the roots and distribute the
water through the plant by
adjusting the water potential,
or tension, within their plant
cells.

The essence of the process is

that water always moves
from higher to lower water
potential.
For water to move from the
soil, to roots, to stems, to
leaves, to air the water
potential must always be
decreasing.

Ilustrasi tentang penurunan potensial air 9

untuk suatu tanaman
HUB. Tanah- Hub.TAT mrpk sistem dinamik dan terpadu dimana air mengalir
Air-Tanaman dari tempat dengan tegangan rendah menuju tempat dengan
tegangan air tinggi.

Air kembali ke
Hilang melalui stomata atmosfer
daun (transpirasi) (evapo-transpirasi)

Air dikembalikan ke
tanah melalui hujan
dan irigasi

Penguapan
Serapan bulu akar

10
 Kekuatan ikatan antara molekul air dengan partikel tanah
dinyatakan dengan TEGANGAN AIR TANAH. Ini merupakan fungsi
dari gaya-gaya adesi dan kohesi di antara molekul - molekul air dan
partikel tanah

Adesi Kohesi

H2O
Partikel tanah

Air terikat Air bebas 11

Air Tersedia untuk pertumbuhan tanaman
12
 ).

Fine textured soils with small Coarse textured sandy soils with
pores can hold the greatest large pores can hold the least
amounts of PAW. amounts of PAW.

13
Status Air Perubahan status air dalam tanah, mulai dari
Tanah kondisi jenuh hingga titik layu

Jenuh Kap. Lapang Titik layu

Padatan Pori

100g air 40g tanah jenuh air

100g 20g udara kapasitas lapang

100g 10 g udara koefisien layu

100g 8g udara koefisien higroskopis 14

TEGANGAN PERHATIKANLAH proses yang terjadi kalau tanah basah
dibiarkan mengering.
& Bagan berikut melukiskan hubungan antara tebal lapisan air di
KADAR AIR sekeliling partikel tanah dengan tegangan air

Bidang singgung tanah dan air

Koef. Koef. Kapasitas
padatan tanah higroskopis layu lapang

10.000
atm
31 atm 15 atm 1/3 atm

10.000 atm Mengalir krn gravitasi

Tegangan air

1/3 atm
15
tebal lapisan air
Representasi bola air yang menyelubungi partikel padatan tanah
16
 JUMLAH AIR DALAM TANAH
The amount of soil water is usually measured in terms of water content as
percentage by volume or mass, or as soil water potential. Water content does
not necessarily describe the availability of the water to the plants, nor indicates,
how the water moves within the soil profile. The only information provided by
water content is the relative amount of water in the soil.

Soil water potential, which is defined as the energy required to remove water
from the soil, does not directly give the amount of water present in the root zone
either. Therefore, soil water content and soil water potential should both be
considered when dealing with plant growth and irrigation.

The soil water content and soil water potential are related to each other, and the
soil water characteristic curve provides a graphical representation of this
relationship.

17
TEGANGAN Kurva tegangan - kadar air tanah bertekstur
vs lempung
kadar air

Air kapiler
Air Air tersedia
higros-
kopis Lambat tersedia Cepat tersedia Air gravitasi

Zone optimum

Tegangan air, bar

31 Koefisien higroskopis

Koefisien layu

Kapasitas lapang
0.1 Kap. Lapang maksimum
18
persen air tanah
Hubungan antara kadar air tanah dan tegangan air
tanah untuk tekstur lempung 19
STRUKTUR POLARITAS
Molekul air mempunyai dua ujung, yaitu ujung oksigen yg
& elektronegatif dan ujung hidrogen yang elektro-positif.
CIRI Dalam kondisi cair, molekul-molekul air saling bergandengan
membentuk kelompok-kelompok kecil tdk teratur.
Ciri polaritas ini menyebabkan plekul air tertarik pada ion-ion
elektrostatis.
Kation-kation K+, Na+, Ca++ menjadi berhidrasi kalau ada
molekul air, membentuk selimut air, ujung negatif melekat
kation.
Permukaan liat yang bermuatan negatif, menarik ujung positif
molekul air.

Kation hidrasi Tebalnya selubung air tgt

pd rapat muatan pd per-
mukaan kation.

Rapat muatan =
Selubung air muatan kation / luas permukaan

20
STRUKTUR IKATAN HIDROGEN
Atom hidrogen berfungsi sebagai titik penyambung (jembatan)
& antar molekul air.
CIRI Ikatan hidrogen inilah yg menyebabkan titik didih dan viskositas
air relatif tinggi

KOHESI vs. ADHESI

Kohesi: ikatan hidrogen antar molekul air
Adhesi: ikatan antara molekul air dengan permukaan padatan
lainnya
Melalui kedua gaya-gaya ini partikel tanah mampu menahan air dan
mengendalikan gerakannya dalam tanah

TEGANGAN PERMUKAAN
Terjadinya pada bidang persentuhan air dan udara, gaya kohesi antar
molekul air lebih besra daripada adhesi antara air dan udara.

Udara
Permukaan air-udara

air
21
ENERGI AIR Retensi dan pergerakan air tanah melibatkan energi, yaitu:
Energi Potensial, Energi Kinetik dan Energi Elektrik.
TANAH Selanjutnya status energi dari air disebut ENERGI BEBAS,
yang merupakan PENJUMLAHAN dari SEMUA BENTUK
ENERGI yang ada.
Air bergerak dari zone air berenergi bebas tinggi (tanah basah)
menuju zone air berenergi bebas rendah (tanah kering).

Gaya-gaya yg berpengaruh
Gaya matrik: tarikan padatan tanah (matrik) thd molekul air;
Gaya osmotik: tarikan kation-kation terlarut thd molekul air
Gaya gravitasi: tarikan bumi terhadap molekul air tanah.
Potensial air tanah
Ketiga gaya tersebut di atas bekerja bersama mempengaruhi energi bebas air tanah,
dan selanjutnya menentukan perilaku air tanah, ….. POTENSIAL TOTAL AIR
TANAH (PTAT)
PTAT adalah jumlah kerja yg harus dilakukan untuk memindahkan secara
berlawanan arah sejumlah air murni bebas dari ketinggian tertentu secara isotermik
ke posisi tertentu air tanah.
PTAT = Pt = perbedaan antara status energi air tanah dan air murni bebas

Pt = Pg + Pm + Po + …………………………
22
( t = total; g = gravitasi; m = matrik; o = osmotik)
 Hubungan potensial air tanah dengan energi bebas

Energi bebas naik bila air tanah berada pada

+ letak ketinggian yg lebih tinggi dari titik
Poten- baku pengenal (referensi)
sial
positif

Energi bebas dari air murni Potensial tarikan bumi

0
Menurun karena pengaruh osmotik Potensial osmotik
(hisapan)

Poten-
Menurun karena pengaruh matrik Potensial matrik
sial
negatif
- (hisapan)

Energi bebas dari air tanah

23
POTENSIAL POTENSIAL TARIKAN BUMI = Potensial gravitasi

AIR TANAH Pg = G.h

dimana G = percepatan gravitasi, h = tinggi air tanah di atas posisi
ketinggian referensi.
Potensial gravitasi berperanan penting dalam menghilangkan kelebihan
air dari bagian atas zone perakaran setelah hujan lebat atau irigasi

Potensial matrik dan Osmotik

Potensial matrik merupakan hasil dari gaya-gaya jerapan dan kapilaritas.
Gaya jerapan ditentukan oleh tarikan air oleh padatan tanah dan kation jerapan
Gaya kapilaritas disebabkan oleh adanya tegangan permukaan air.
Potensial matriks selalu negatif
Potensial osmotik terdapat pd larutan tanah, disebabkan oleh adanya bahan-bahan terlarut
(ionik dan non-ionik).
Pengaruh utama potensial osmotik adalah pada serapan air oleh tanaman

Hisapan dan Tegangan

Potensial matrik dan osmotik adalah negatif, keduanya bersifat menurunkan energi bebas air tanah. Oleh
karena itu seringkali potensial negatif itu disebut HISAPAN atau TEGANGAN.
Hisapan atau Tegangan dapat dinyatakan dengan satuan-satuan positif.
Jadi padatan-tanah bertanggung jawab atas munculnya HISAPAN atau TEGANGAN.
24
 Cara Tegangan: dinyatakan dengan “tinggi (cm) dari
Menyatakan satuan kolom air yang bobotnya sama dengan
Tegangan tegangan tsb”.
Energi Tinggi kolom air (cm) tersebut lazimnya
dikonversi menjadi logaritma dari sentimeter
tinggi kolom air, selanjutnya disebut pF.

Tinggi unit Logaritma Bar Atmosfer

kolom air (cm) tinggi kolom air (pF)

10 1 0.01 0.0097
100 2 0.1 0.0967
346 2.53 0.346 1.3
1000 3 1
10000 4 10 9.6749
15849 4.18 15.8 15
31623 4.5 31.6 31
100.000 5 100 96.7492

25
KANDUNGAN KURVA ENERGI - LENGAS TANAH
Tegangan air menurun secara gradual dengan meningkatnya kadar air
AIR DAN tanah.
TEGANGAN Tanah liat menahan air lebih banyak dibanding tanah pasir pada nilai
tegangan air yang sama
Tanah yang Strukturnya baik mempunyai total pori lebih banyak, shg
mampu menahan air lebih banyak
Pori medium dan mikro lebih kuat menahan air dp pori makro

Tegangan air tanah, Bar

10.000

Liat

Lempung

Pasir

0.01
10 Kadar air tanah, % 70
26
Tekstur tanah dan air tersedia

27
Hubungan antara kadar air tanah dengan tegangan air tanah

28
Jelaskan bagaimana tektur tanah mempengaruhi jumlah air tersedia bagi
29
tanaman? Sebanyak 250 kata
Jelaskan tanah-tanah yang tekturnya halus mampu menahan lebih banyak air
dibandingkan dgn tanah-tanah yang teksturnya kasar? Sebanyak 250 kata
30
Kapasitas air tersedia dalam tanah yang teksturnya berbeda-beda
31
 Gerakan Gerakan tidak jenuh = gejala kapilaritas = air bergerak dari
muka air tanah ke atas melalui pori mikro.
Air Tanah Gaya adhesi dan kohesi bekerja aktif pada kolom air (dalam pri
Tidak Jenuh mikro), ujung kolom air berbentuk cekung.
Perbedaan tegangan air tanah akan menentukan arah gerakan
air tanah secara tidak jenuh.

Air bergerak dari daerah dengan tegangan rendah (kadar air tinggi)
ke daerah yang tegangannya tinggi (kadar air rendah, kering).
Gerakan air ini dapat terjadi ke segala arah dan berlangsung secara
terus-menerus.

Pelapisan tanah berpengaruh terhadap gerakan air tanah.

Lapisan keras atau lapisan kedap air memperlambat gerakan air
Lapisan berpasir menjadi penghalang bagi gerakan air dari lapisan
yg bertekstur halus.
Gerakan air dlm lapisan berpasir sgt lambat pd tegangan

32
Gerakan Jenuh Air hujan dan irigasi memasuki tanah, menggantikan udara
dalam pori makro - medium - mikro. Selanjutnya air bergerak
(Perkolasi) ke bawah melalui proses gerakan jenuh dibawah pengaruh gaya
gravitasi dan kapiler.
Gerakan air jenuh ke arah bawah ini berlangsung terus selama
cukup air dan tidak ada lapisan penghalang

Lempung berpasir Lempung berliat

cm 0

15 mnt 4 jam
30

60

90 1 jam 24 jam

120
24 jam 48 jam

150
30 cm 60 cm
Jarak dari tengah-tengah saluran, cm 33
Pola Penetrasi dan Pergerakan Air pada tanah Berpasir dan
tanah Lempung-liat

34
Pola pergerakan air gravitasi dalam tanah 35
Pengaruh struktur tanah terhadap pergerakan air tanah ke arah
bawah

36
PERKOLASI Jumlah air perkolasi
Faktor yg berpengaruh:
1. Jumlah air yang ditambahkan
2. Kemampuan infiltrasi permukaan tanah
3. Daya hantar air horison tanah
4. Jumlah air yg ditahan profil tanah pd kondisi
kapasitas lapang

Keempat faktor di atas ditentukan oleh struktur dan tekstur tanah

Tanah berpasir punya kapasitas ilfiltrasi dan daya hantar air sangat
tinggi, kemampuan menahan air rendah, shg perkolasinya mudah
dan cepat

Tanah tekstur halus, umumnya perkolasinya rendah dan sangat

beragam; faktor lain yg berpengaruh:
1. Bahan liat koloidal dpt menyumbat pori mikro & medium
2. Liat tipe 2:1 yang mengembang-mengkerut sangat berperan

37
 LAJU Kecepatan gerakan air dlm tanah dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor:
1. Daya dari air yang bergerak
GERAKAN 2. Hantaran hidraulik = Hantaran kapiler = daya hantar
AIR TANAH i = k.f
dimana i = volume air yang bergerak; f = daya air yg bergerak dan k =
konstante.

Daya air yg bergerak = daya penggerak, ditentukan oleh dua faktor:

1. Gaya gravitasi, berpengaruh thd gerak ke bawah
2. Selisih tegangan air tanah, ke semua arah
Gerakan air semakin cepat kalau perbedaan tegangan semakin tinggi.

Hantaran hidraulik ditentukan oleh bbrp faktor:

1. Ukuran pori tanah
2. Besarnya tegangan untuk menahan air
Pada gerakan jenuh, tegangan airnya rendah, shg hantaran hidraulik berbanding
lurus dengan ukuran pori
Pd tanah pasir, penurunan daya hantar lebih jelas kalau terjadi penurunan kandungan
air tanah
Lapisan pasir dlm profil tanah akan menjadi penghalang gerakan air tidak jenuh

38
Gerakan air Gerakan air tanah dipengaruhi oleh kandungan
tanah air tanah

Penetrasi air dari tnh basah ke tnh kering

(cm)
18
Tanah lembab, kadar air awal 29%

Tanah lembab, kadar air awal 20.2%

Tanah lembab, kadar air awal 15.9%

0
26 156
Jumlah hari kontak, hari

Sumber: Gardner & Widtsoe, 1921. 39

GERAKAN Penguapan air tanah terjadi internal (dalam pori tanah) dan eksternal (di
permukaan tanah)
UAP AIR Udara tanah selalu jenus uap air, selama kadar air tanah tidak lebih
rendah dari koefisien higroskopis (tegangan 31 atm).

Mekanisme Gerakan uap air

Difusi uap air terjadi dlm udara tanah, penggeraknya adalah perbedaan tekanan uap
air.
Arah gerapan menuju ke daerah dg tekanan uap rendah

Pengaruh suhu dan lengas tanah terhadap gerapan uap air dalam tanah

Lembab Dingin Kering Dingin

Kering Panas Lembab Panas

40
 KAPASITAS RETENSI MAKSIMUM adalah:
RETENSI AIR Kondisi tanah pada saat semua pori terisi penuh air, tanah jenuh
TANAH air, dan tegangan matrik adalah nol.
KAPASITAS LAPANG: air telah meninggalkan pori makro, mori
makro berisi udara, pori mikro masih berisi air; tegangan matrik
0.1 - 0.2 bar; pergerakan air terjadi pd pori mikro/ kapiler

KOEFISIEN LAYU: siang hari tanaman layu dan malam hari segar kembali,
lama-lama tanaman layu siang dan malam; tegangan matrik 15 bar.
Air tanah hanya mengisi pori mikro yang terkecil saja, sebagian besar air
tidak tersedia bagi tanaman.
Titik layu permanen, bila tanaman tidak dapat segar kembali

KOEFISIEN HIGROSKOPIS
Molekul air terikat pada permukaan partikel koloid tanah, terikat kuat
sehingga tidak berupa cairan, dan hanya dapat bergerak dlm bentuk uap air,
tegangan matrik-nya sekitar 31 bar.
Tanah yg kaya bahan koloid akan mampu menahan air higroskopis lebih
banyak dp tanah yg miskin bahan koloidal.

41
Klasifikasi Air Klasifikasi Fisik:
1. Air Bebas / air gravitasi (drainase)
Tanah 2. Air Kapiler
3. Air Higroskopis

Air Bebas (Drainase):

a. Air yang berada di atas kapasitas lapang
b. Air yang ditahan tanah dg tegangan kurang dari 0.1-0.5 atm
c. Tidak diinginkan, hilang dengan drainase
d. Bergerak sebagai respon thd tegangan dan tarika gravitasi bumi
e. Hara tercuci bersamanya

AIR KAPILER:
a. Air antara kapasitas lapang dan koefisien higroskopis
b. Tegangan lapisan air berkisar 0.1 - 31 atm
c. Tidak semuanya tersedia bagi tanaman
d. Bergerak dari lapisan tebal ke lapisan tipis
e. Berfungsi sebagai larutan tanah

AIR HIGROSKOPIS :
a. Air diikat pd koefisien higroskopis
b. Tegangan berkisar antara 31 - 10.000 atm
c. Diikat oleh koloid tanah
d. Sebagian besar bersifat non-cairan 42
e. Bergerak sebagai uap air
 Agihan air Berdasarkan tegangan air tanah dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga bagian:
dalam tanah Air bebas, kapiler dan higroskopis

Koef. Higroskopis Kap. Lapang Jml ruang pori

kurang lebih 31 atm kurang lebih 1/3 atm
Lapisan olah

Air higros- Air Kapiler Ruang diisi udara

kopik Peka thd gerakan Biasanya jenuh uap air
Hampir tdk kapiler, laju pe- Setelah hujan lebat
menunjukkan nyesuaian me- sebagian diisi air,
sifat cairan ningkat dg me- tetapi air cepat hi-
ningkatnya ke- lang krn gravitasi
lembaban tanah bumi Lapisan bawah tanah
Karena pemadatan ruang
pori berkurang

Strata bawah (jenuh air)

Kolom tanah Jumlah ruang pori

43
Klasifikasi Klasifikasi berdasarkan ketersediaannya bagi tanaman:
1. AIR BERLEBIHAN: air bebas yg kurang tersedia bagi tanaman.
Biologi Kalau jumlahnya banyak berdampak buruk bagi tanaman, aerasi
Air tanah buruk, akar kekurangan oksigen, anaerobik, pencucian air

2. AIR TERSEDIA: air yg terdapat antara kap. Lapang dan koef. Layu.
Air perlu ditambahkan untuk mencapai pertumbuhan tanaman yang
optimum apabila 50 - 85% air yg tersedia telah habis terpakai.
Kalau air tanah mendekati koefisien layu, penyerapan air oleh akar tanaman
tdk begitu cepat dan tidak mampu mengimbangi pertumbuhan tanaman

3. AIR TIDAK TERSEDIA: AIR yg diikat oleh tanah pd TITIK LAYU permanen,
yaitu air higroskopis dan sebagian kecil air kapiler.

KH KL KP 100 % pori
31 atm 15 atm 1/3 atm

Air Air Ruang udara dan

Higroskopis Kapiler air drainase

Tdk tersedia Tersedia Berlebihan

Daerah Optimum 44
 Faktor yg Faktor yg berpengaruh:
1. Hubungan tegangan dengan kelengasan
mempengaruhi 2. Kedalaman tanah
Air Tersedia 3. Pelapisan Tanah

TEGANGAN MATRIK : tekstur, struktur dan kandungan bahan organik

mempengaruhi jumlah air yg dapat disediakan tanah bagi tanaman
TEGANGAN OSMOTIK: adanya garam dalam tanah meningkatkan tegangan
osmotik dan menurunkan jumlah air tersedia, yaitu menaikkan koefisien layu.

Persen air Sentimeter air setiap 30 cm tanah

10
18 Kap. Lapang
Air tersedia

Koef. Layu 5
6 Air tidak tersedia

Pasir Sandy loam Loam Silty-loam Clay-loam Liat

Tekstur semakin halus

45
 SUPLAI AIR Dua proses yg memungkinkan akar tanaman mampu menyerap air dlm
jumlah banyak, yaitu:
ke TANAMAN 1. Gerakan kapiler air tanah mendekati permukaan akar penyerap
2. Pertumbuhan akar ke arah zone tanah yang mengandung air

LAJU GERAKAN KAPILER

Bulu akar Jumlah Tegangan

menyerap air tanah air tanah
air meningkat Terjadi
berkurang perbedaan
Tegangan
Terjadi dg air tanah di
Laju gerakan gerakan kapiler sekitarnya
Gerakan
kapiler tgt perbedaan air menuju
2.5 cm tegangan dan daya bulu akar
sagt penting hantar pori tanah

LAJU PERPANJANGAN AKAR

Selama masa pertumbuhan tanaman, akar tanaman tumbuh memanjang dengan
cepat, sehingga luas permukaan akar juga tumbuh terus.
Jumlah luas permukaan akar penyerap yang bersentuhan langsung dengan
sebagian kecil air tanah (yaitu sekitar 1-2%)
46
KEHILANGAN HADANGAN HUJAN OLEH TUMBUHAN
Tajuk tumbuhan mampu menangkap sejumlah air hujan, sebagian air ini
UAP AIR
diuapkan kembali ke atmosfer.
DARI TANAH Vegetasi hutan di daerah iklim basah mampu menguapkan kembali air
hujan yg ditangkapnya hingga 25%, dan hanya 5% yg mencapai tanah
melalui cabang dan batangnya.

Awan hujan Pembentukan Awan

presipitasi
transpirasi

evaporasi

infiltrasi Run off

Tanah permukaan

perkolasi
Groundwater Sungai - laut
Batuan 47
Hadangan hujan Sekitar 5 - 25% dari curah hujan dihadang tanaman dan dikembalikan
ke atmosfer.
oleh tanaman
Besarnya tergantung pada kesuburan tanaman dan stadia pertumbuhan
semusim tanaman .
Dari curah hujan 375 mm, hanya sekitar 300-350 mm yang mencapai
tanah.

Hadangan curah hujan oleh jagung dan kedelai

Keadaan hujan Persen dari curah hujan total untuk:

Jagung Kedelai

Langsung ke tanah 70.3 65.0

Melalui batang 22.8 20.4

Jumlah di tanah 93.1 85.4

Yang tinggal di atmosfer 6.9 14.6

Sumber: J.L.Haynes, 1940.

48
HUBUNGAN ENERGI LTTA:
Perubahan tegangan air pd saat bergerak dari tanah melalui akar, batang, daun , ke atmosfer
Atmosfer

Daun

Batang

Akar

Tanah berkadar air rendah Tanah berkadar air tinggi Tanah

500 300 100 25 20 15 10 5 0

Potensial negatif air (Tegangan air)

49
 Kehilangan uap air dari tanah:
1. EVAPORASI: penguapan air dari permukaan tanah
EVAPO-
2. TRANSPIRASI: Penguapan air dari permukaan tanaman
TRANSPIRASI 3. EVAPOTRANSPIRASI = Evaporasi + Transpirasi
Laju penguapan air tgt pd perbedaan potensial air = selisih tekanan uap
air = perbedaan antara tekanan uap air pd permukaan daun (atau
permukaan tanah) dengan atmosfer

Faktor Iklim dan Tanah:

1. Energi Penyinaran
2. Tekanan uap air di atmosfer
3. Suhu
4. Angin
5. Persediaan air tanah

Air tanah Evapotranspirasi (cm:

Jagung Medicago sativa

Tinggi 17.7 24.4

Sedang 12.7 20.5

Sumber: Kelly, 1957.

50
Ketersediaan Air Ketersediaan air di daerah perakaran sangat menentukan besarnya
evapotranspirasi.
Tanah vs
Kedalaman daerah perakaran tanaman 50 - 60 cm.
Evapotranspirasi Air tanah pada lapisan olah mengalami pengurangan karena evaporasi
permukaan
Air tanah pd lapisan bawah mengalami pengurangan karena diserap
akar tanaman

Kedalaman tanah (cm) Evapotranspirasi (cm):

Jagung Padang Rumput Hutan

0 - 17.5 24.25 23.45 23.27

17.5 - 180.0 20.75 21.17 22.25

Sumber: Dreibelbis dan Amerman, 1965.

51
PEMAKAIAN Pemakaian Konsumtif merupakan jumlah kehilangan air melalui
evaporasi dan transpirasi.
KONSUMTIF Lazim digunakan sebagai ukuran dari seluruh air yg hilang dari tanaman
(PK) melalui evapotranspirasi
Ini merupakan angka-praktis untuk keperluan pengairan

Dua faktor penting yg menentukan PK adalah:

1. KEDALAMAN PERAKARAN TANAMAN
2. FASE PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN
PK dapat berkisar 30 - 215 cm atau lebih:
1. Daerah basah - semi arid dg irigasi: 37.5 - 75 cm.
2. Daerah panas dan kering dg irigasi: 50 - 125 cm.

EVAPORASI vs TRANSPIRASI
Faktor yg berpengaruh adalah:
1. Perbandingan luas tutupan tanaman thd luas tanah
2. Efisiensi pemakaian air berbagai tanaman
3. Perbandingan waktu tanaman berada di lapangan
4. Keadaan iklim
Di daerah basah : EVAPORASI  TRANSPIRASI
Di daerah kering:
1. EVAPORASI  70 - 75 % dari seluruh hujan yg jatuh
2. TRANSPIRASI  20 - 25%
3. RUN OFF  5% 52
 WUE  Produksi tanaman yg dapat dicapai dari pemakaian sejumlah air
WUE : Water Use tersedia
Efficiency WUE dapat dinyatakan sbg:
1. Pemakaian konsumtif (dalam kg) setiap kg jaringan tanaman yg
dihasilkan
2. Transpirasi (dalam kg) setiap kg jaringan tanaman yg dihasilkan
……… NISBAH TRANSPIRASI

Jumlah air yg diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 1 kg

bahan kering tanaman

NISBAH TRANSPIRASI
Untuk tanaman di daerah humid: 200 - 500, di daerah arid duakalinya

Tanaman Nisbah Transpirasi

Beans 209 - 282 - 736

Jagung 233 - 271 - 368
Peas 259 - 416 - 788
Kentang 385 - 636

Sumber: Lyon, Buckman dan Brady, 1952.

53
 Faktor yang mempengaruhi WUE: Iklim, Tanah, dan Hara
WUE tertinggi lazimnya terjadi pd tanaman yg berproduksi
FAKTOR optimum;
WUE Adanya faktor pembatas pertumbuhan akan menurunkan WUE

Nisbah evapo-transpirasi tanaman di lokasi yg mempunyai defisit kejenuhan dari

atmosfer
800
Kentang
Kacang polong
400

Jagung
0
0 Defisit kejenuhan dari atmosfer (mm Hg) 12 14

Jumlah air unt menghasilkan 1 ton bahan kering

30
Kadar air tanah rendah

15
Kadar air tanah tinggi
0 54
0 Pupuk P, kg/ha 600
Pengendalian MULSA & PENGELOLAAN
Mulsa adalah bahan yg dipakai pd permukaan tanah untuk mengurangi
Penguapan penguapan air atau untuk menekan pertumbuhan gulma.
Lazimnya mulsa spt itu digunakan untuk tanaman yang tidak
memerlukan pengolahan tanah tambahan

MULSA KERTAS & PLASTIK

Bahan mulsa dihamparkan di permukaan tanah, diikat spy tdk terbang, dan tanaman
tumbuh melalui lubang-lubang yg telah disiapkan
Selama tanah tertutup mulsa, air tanah dapat diawetkan dan pertumbuhan gulma
dikendalikan

MULSA SISA TANAMAN

Bahan mulsa berasal dari sisa tanaman yg ditanam sebelumnya, misalnya jerami padi,
jagung, dan lainnya
Bahan mulsa dipotong-potong dan disebarkan di permukaan tanah
Cara WALIK DAMI sebelum penanaman kedelai gadu setelah padi sawah

MULSA TANAH  Pengolahan tanah

Efektivitas mulsa tanah dalam konservasi air-tanah (mengendalikan evaporasi) masih
diperdebatkan, hasil-hasil penelitian masih snagat beragam
55
Olah Tanah vs Alasan pengolahan tanah:
1. Mempertahankan kondisi fisika tanah yg memuaskan
Penguapan Air 2. Membunuh gulma
Tanah 3. Mengawetkan air tanah.

Pengendalian Penguapan vs Pemberantasan Gulma

Perlakuan Hasil jagung (t/ha) Kadar air tanah (%)

hingga kedalaman 1 m

Tanah dibajak dg persiapan yg baik

1. Dibebaskan dari gulma 2.9 22.3
2. Gulma dibiarkan tumbuh 0.4 21.8
3. Tiga kali pengolahan dangkal 2.5 21.9
Persiapan Buruk
4. Dibebaskan dari gulma 2.0 23.1

Sumber: Mosier dan Gutafson, 1915.

Pengolahan tanah yg dapat mengendalikan gulma dan memperbaiki kondisi fisik tanah akan
berdampak positif thd produksi tanaman
Pengolahan tanah yg berlebihan dapat merusak akar tanaman dan merangsang evaporasi,
shg merugikan tanaman 56
 Beberapa proses penting dalam siklus air:

Precipitation is condensed water vapor that falls to the

Earth's surface.
Most precipitation occurs as rain, but also includes snow,
hail, fog drip, graupel, and sleet.

Approximately 505,000 km³ of water fall as precipitation

each year, 398,000 km³ of it over the oceans.

57
Canopy interception
is the precipitation that is
intercepted by plant
foliage and eventually
evaporates back to the
atmosphere rather than
falling to the ground.

58
 LIMPASAN = Runoff includes the variety of ways by
which water moves across the land. This includes both surface
runoff and channel runoff.

As it flows, the water may infiltrate into the ground, evaporate

into the air, become stored in lakes or reservoirs, or be extracted
for agricultural or other human uses.

Infiltration is the flow of water from the ground surface into

the ground.
Once infiltrated, the water becomes soil moisture or groundwater.

59
Subsurface Flow is the flow of water underground, in
the vadose zone and aquifers. Subsurface water may return
to the surface (eg. as a spring or by being pumped) or
eventually seep into the oceans.
Water returns to the land surface at lower elevation than
where it infiltrated, under the force of gravity or gravity
induced pressures.

Groundwater tends to move slowly, and is replenished

slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years.

60
Evaporation is the transformation of water from liquid to gas
phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the
overlying atmosphere.
The source of energy for evaporation is primarily solar radiation.
Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants,
though together they are specifically referred to as
evapotranspiration.

Approximately 90% of atmospheric water comes from evaporation,

while the remaining 10% is from transpiration. Total annual
evapotranspiration amounts to approximately 505,000 km³ of water,
434,000 km³ of which evaporates from the oceans.

61
 SUBLIMASI is the state change directly from solid
water (snow or ice) to water vapor.

ADVEKSI is the movement of water — in solid, liquid,

or vapour states — through the atmosphere. Without
advection, water that evaporated over the oceans could not
precipitate over land.

KONDENSASI is the transformation of water vapour

to liquid water droplets in the air, producing clouds and
fog.

62
Aktivitas manusia yang dapat mempengaruhi siklus air :

Pertanian
Alteration of the chemical composition of the atmosphere
Construction of dams
Deforestation and afforestation
Removal of groundwater from wells
Water abstraction from rivers
Urbanization .

63
 KAPASITAS PENYIMPANAN AIR:
WATER HOLDING CAPACITY

Soil "holds" water available for crop use, retaining it against the pull
of gravity.

This is one of the most important physical facts for agriculture.

If the soil did not hold water, if water was free to flow downward with
the pull of gravity as in a river or canal, we would have to constantly
irrigate, or hope that it rained every two or three days.
There would be no reason to pre-irrigate. And there would be no such
thing as dryland farming.

64
Soil Moisture Level (Depletion, %) vs. Soil Moisture Tension (Bars).

65
Hubungan antara Potensial Air
Tanah dnegan Air Tersedia pada
tiga macam tekstur tanah

66
The soil's ability to hold water depends on both the soil texture
and structure.
Texture describes the relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay
particles.
The finer the soil texture (higher percentage of silt and clay), the
more water soil can hold.

Gravity is always working to pull water downwards below the

plant's root zone.
To counteract the pull of gravity, soil is able to generate its own
forces, commonly called "matric forces" ("matric" because of
the soil "matrix" structure that forms the basis for the forces).

67
 An important fact about the soil's water-holding forces is that as
the level of soil moisture goes down, the soil generates more force.
This is the reason that some water will move up into the root zone
from a shallow ground water table. As the plant extracts water in
the root zone, the soil pulls water up from the area with more water
to the area with less.

As you would expect, the rate at which the water-holding forces go

up with decreasing soil moisture is different for different soils. In a
coarse soil, they will go up slowly.
This means that plants can extract a great amount of water from
coarse soils before they stress. In contrast, these forces rise quickly
in finer soils.

68
Graphically, the relationship can be described by the Figure SWP-1.
Looking at the lowest line for a coarse soil.
You can see that at A, the soil moisture level is very high and the
water-holding forces are low.
This means that the plant can extract water easily from the soil.

At B, the soil moisture level is lower but the water-holding forces

haven't gone up that much.

The plant can still extract water easily.

However at C, the soil moisture level is very low and the water-
holding forces have increased greatly.
The plant cannot extract water easily and will be stressed.

69
 Looking at the top line for a finer soil.
At A, as with the coarse soil, the water-holding forces are low
when the soil moisture level is high.

However, at B, the soil moisture level has dropped somewhat but

the water-holding forces have gone up greatly.

And at C, where the soil moisture level is low, the water-holding

forces have gone up very high.

We will be coming back to this idea of increasing soil water-

holding forces with decreasing soil moisture many times

70
 HUBUNGAN TANAH-AIR
The role of soil in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is unique.
It has been demonstrated that soil is not essential for plant growth
and indeed plants can be grown hydroponically (in a liquid culture).
However, usually plants are grown in the soil and soil properties
directly affect the availability of water and nutrients to plants.
Soil water affects plant growth directly through its controlling effect
on plant water status and indirectly through its effect on aeration,
temperature, and nutrient transport, uptake and transformation.

The understanding of these properties is helpful in good irrigation

design and management.

71
The soil system is composed of
three major components: solid
particles (minerals and organic
matter), water with various
dissolved chemicals, and air.

The percentage of these

components varies greatly with
soil texture and structure.

An active root system requires a

delicate balance between the
three soil components; but the
balance between the liquid and
gas phases is most critical, since
it regulates root activity and
plant growth process.

72
 Jumlah air tersedia dipengaruhi
The amount of soil water is tekstur tanah
usually measured in terms of
water content as percentage
by volume or mass, or as soil
water potential.

Water content does not

necessarily describe the
availability of the water to
the plants, nor indicates, how
the water moves within the
soil profile.

The only information

provided by water content is
the relative amount of water
in the soil.

73
 Soil water potential, which is
defined as the energy required
to remove water from the soil,
does not directly give the
amount of water present in the
root zone either.

Therefore, soil water content

and soil water potential should
both be considered when
dealing with plant growth and
irrigation.

The soil water content and soil

water potential are related to
each other, and the soil water
characteristic curve provides a
graphical representation of this
relationship.
74
 The nature of the soil characteristic curve depends on the physical
properties of the soil namely, texture and structure. Soil texture refers
to the distribution of the soil particle sizes.

The mineral particles of soil have a wide range of sizes classified as

sand, silt, and clay.

The proportion of each of these particles in the soil determines its

texture.

All mineral soils are classified depending on their texture. Every soil
can be placed in a particular soil group using a soil textural triangle .
For example a soil with 60% sand and 10% clay separates is
classified as a Sandy loam

75
 Kapasitas Lapangan
Field Capacity
There are limits on the amount of water that soil holds for crop use.
The upper limit is termed "field capacity".

During an irrigation, or whenever excess water is added to soil, water

drains down through the soil due to the pull of gravity.

At first, this internal drainage is relatively rapid.

However, it soon slows to almost nothing.

(The increasing soil water-holding forces finally start to counteract
gravity.) At this point we would say the soil is at field capacity.

76
You can demonstrate field capacity using a visualization of a sponge
(like soil, a porous material that will hold water).
Using a pan of water, hold a sponge under water until it is saturated.
Now, pull the sponge out of the water.
It will immediately start to drip water, quickly at first, then slower
and slower.
At some point it will essentially stop dripping.
The internal drainage has stopped and the sponge is at field capacity.

It is very important to note that you can soak more water into soil
that is already at field capacity.
There will be open soil pores that will take the water. However, the
excess water will not be held.
It will just drain down until the soil moisture returns to field capacity.

77
 You can use the sponge again to demonstrate this important fact.
With the sponge at "field capacity", use a cup to pour water on it.

The water will soak in, there will be open pores in the sponge that will
take in water. But you will see that the sponge starts dripping again
as the excess water starts to drain off the bottom.

Because of this ability to hold water against the pull of gravity, soil
does not act like a bathtub during irrigations.

That is, irrigation water does not have to go to some "bottom" and
then fill back up to the top. Rather soil fills to field capacity from the
top down.

78
 Field capacity
is a soil-based concept.

That is, it depends on the

texture and structure of the
soil as well as the physical
conditions in the field.

Coarse soils have lower field

capacities than fine soils.

If there is a high water table

or severe stratification that
would restrict drainage, the
field capacity would be higher
than normal.

79
 AIR TERSEDIA & ZONE AKAR EFEKTIF

The water held by the soil between field capacity and permanent
wilting point is termed the "available water holding capacity" of the
soil.

It is water that is "available" for the plant to use. Water added to the
soil in excess of field capacity will drain down, below the active root
system.

Water held by the soil that is below the permanent wilting point is of
no use, the plant has died.
As a crop manager you are concerned with the soil moisture
throughout the depth of the plant's active root system, the "effective
root zone".

80
The effective root zone is that depth of soil where you want to control
soil moisture (just as you control fertility and weed/pest pressures).

The effective root zone may or may not be the actual depth of all
active roots. It may be shallower because of concerns for crop quality
or development (as with many vegetable crops).
For a pre-irrigation though, you may want to consider the maximum
potential root zone as the effective root zone for that irrigation.

For example, with cotton you may estimate the effective root zone as
6 feet for a preirrigation, 2 feet for the first seasonal irrigation, 4 feet
for the second seasonal, and 6 feet thereafter. For an almond orchard,
you may estimate the effective root zone as four feet for the entire
season. With onions, the major concern is with the top 2 feet.

81
 Hubungan Air – Tanah
The soil is composed of three major parts: air, water, and solids .
The solid component forms the framework of the soil and consists
of mineral and organic matter.
The mineral fraction is made up of sand, silt, and clay particles.
The proportion of the soil occupied by water and air is referred to
as the pore volume.
The pore volume is generally constant for a given soil layer but
may be altered by tillage and compaction. The ratio of air to water
stored in the pores changes as water is added to or lost from the
soil. Water is added by rainfall or irrigation, as shown in Figure 2.
Water is lost through surface runoff, evaporation (direct loss from
the soil to the atmosphere), transpiration (losses from plant tissue),
and either percolation (seepage into lower layers) or drainage.
82
 The pore volume is actually a reservoir for holding water. Not all of
the water in the reservoir is available for plant use.

Figure 3 represents a "wet" (saturated) soil immediately after a large

rainfall.
Note that all of the pores are filled with water. Gravity will pull some
of this water down through the soil below the crop's root zone.

The water that is redistributed below the root zone due to the force of
gravity is gravitational water. In general, gravitational water is not
available to plants, especially in sandy soils, because the
redistribution process occurs quickly (in two days or less).

83
Kapan tanah perlu ditambah air agar tanaman tidak terganggu pertumbuhannya?
Jelaskan pendapat Saudara dnegan 250 kata?
84
Sumber dan perilaku air yang ditambahkan ke tanah
85
Saturated (wet) soil. All pores (light areas) are filled with water. The dark areas
represent soil solids. 86
 Water distribution in a soil at field capacity. Capillary water (lightly shaded
areas ) in soil pores is available to plants. Field capacity represents the upper
limit of plant-available water. 87
Water distribution in a soil at thw wilting point. This water is held tightly in thin
films around soil particles and is unavailable to plants. The wilting point
represents the lower limit of plant-available water. 88
Plant-available water, PAW, adalah volume air
yang disimpan dalam tanah yang dapat
digunakan oleh tanaman .

It is the difference between the volume of water

stored when the soil is at field capacity and the
volume still remaining when the soil reaches
the permanent wilting point (the lower limit), as
shown in Figure 6.

89
Figure 6. HUBUNGAN ANTARA AIR-TERSEDIA DAN DISTRIBUSI AIR
DALAM TANAH .

90
Kapasitas tanah menyimpan air

91
Jumlah air tanah pada tiga macam tekstur tanah 92
Tabel 1. Jumlah air tersedia dalam tanah yang teksturnya
berbeda-beda

93
 AIR-TANAH dan CEKAMAN (stres) TANAMAN

Kalau tanaman menyerap air dari tanah , jumlah air tersedia yang tersisa
dalam tanah menjadi berkurang.

The amount of PAW removed since the last irrigation or rainfall is the
depletion volume.
Irrigation scheduling decisions are often based on the assumption that
crop yield or quality will not be reduced as long as the amount of water
used by the crop does not exceed the allowable depletion volume.
The allowable depletion of PAW depends on the soil and the crop. For
example, consider corn growing in a sandy loam soil three days after a
soaking rain.
Even though enough PAW may be avai1able for good plant growth, the
plant may wilt during the day when potential evapotranspiration (PET) is
high.

94
 AIR-TANAH dan CEKAMAN (stres) TANAMAN

Evapotranspiration merupakan proses hilangnya air tanah ke atmosfer,

melalui evaporasi dari permukaan tanah dan proses transpirasi dari
tanaman yang tumbuh di tanah .

Potential evapotranspiration is the maximum amount of water that could

be lost through this process under a given set of atmospheric conditions,
assuming that the crop covers the entire soil sur- face and that the
amount of water present in the soil does not limit the process.

Potential evapotranspiration is controlled by atmospheric conditions and

is higher during the day. Plants must extract water from the soil that is
next to the roots.
As the zone around the root begins to dry, water must move through the
soil toward the root (Figure 7). Daytime wilting occurs because PET is
high and the plant takes up water faster than the water can be replaced.

95
 Gambar.
Kalau tanaman
menyerap air, tanah di
sekitar perakaran
menjadi mengering .
If the rate of water
movement from moist
zones is less than the
PET, the plant
temporarily wilts.

96
 Pada malam hari, pada saat PET menurun hingga
mendekati nol , air tanah bergerak dari tanah yang lebih
basah memasuki zone tanah yang lebih kering di sekitar
akar tanaman.
The plant recovers turgor and wilting ceases (Figure 8).
This process of wilting during the day and recovering at
night is referred to as temporary wilting.

Proper irrigation scheduling reduces the length of time a

crop is temporarily wilted.

97
 Gambar .
At night when the
PET is low, the plant
recovers from
wilting as water
moves from moist
zones (dark areas)
to eliminate the dry
zones around the
roots.

98
Hubungan antara distribusi air dalam tanah dan konsep jadwal irigasi
ketika 50 percent air tersedia telah habis
99
 FAKTOR TANAMAN
Three plant factors must be considered in developing a
sound irrigation schedule: the crop's effective root depth, its
moisture use rate, and its sensitivity to drought stress (that
is, the amount that crop yield or quality is reduced by drought
stress).

KEDALAMAN EFEKTIF AKAR

Rooting depth is the depth of the soil reservoir that the plant
can reach to get PAW. Crop roots do not extract water
uniformly from the entire root zone. Thus,the effective root
depth is that portion of the root zone where the crop extracts
the majority of its water. Effective root depth is determined by
both crop and soil properties.
100
 PENGARUH TANAMAN thd KEDALAMAN EFEKTIF AKAR

Different species of plants have different potential rooting depths.

The potential rooting depth is the maximum rooting depth of a crop when grown
in a moist soil with no barriers or restrictions that inhibit root elongation.
Potential rooting depths of most agricultural crops important in North Carolina
range from about 2 to 5 feet. For example, the potential rooting depth of corn is
about 4 feet.
Water uptake by a specific crop is closely related to its root distribution in the soil.
About 70 percent of a plant's roots are found in the upper half of the crop's
maximum rooting depth. Deeper roots can extract moisture to keep the plant alive,
but they do not extract suffficient water to maintain optimum growth.
When adequate moisture is present, water uptake by the crop is about the same as
its root distribution. Thus, about 70 percent of the water used by the crop comes
from the upper half of the root zone (Figure 10). This zone is the effective root
depth.

101
JUMLAH AIR YANG DAPAT DISERAP TANAMAN DIPENGARUHI OLEH
DISTRIBUSI AKAR DLAMA TANAH
102
 PENGARUH TANAH thd KEDALAMAN EFEKTIF AKAR.
The maximum rooting depth of crops in North Carolina is usually less than
their potential rooting depth and is restricted by soil chemical or physical
barriers.
North Carolina subsoils have a pH of about 4.5 to 5.0, which presents a
chemical barrier to root growth, as shown in Figure 11.
Liming practices rarely improve soil pH below the 2-foot depth. Shallow
soils (Carolina slate belt soils) or soils with compacted tillage pans (coastal
plain soils) are examples of soils with physical barriers that restrict root
penetration below the plow depth (usually less than 12 inches unless
subsoiling is practiced).
Thus, for example, while corn has a potential rooting depth of 4 feet, when
grown under North Carolina conditions, its maximum rooting depth is about
2 feet. Maximum rooting depths for several crops under North Carolina
conditions are given in Table 2.

103
CIRI-CIRI TANAH YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEDALAMAN PERAKARAN
TANAMAN
104
The effective root depth is the depth that should be used to compute
the volume of PAW in the soil reservoir.

The effective root depth for a mature root zone is estimated to be

one-half the maximum rooting depth listed in Table 2.
For example, under North Carolina conditions corn has a maximum
rooting depth of 2 feet; thus, the maximum effective root depth is
estimated to be 1 foot.

Effective root depth is further influenced by the stage of crop

development. Effective root depths for most aops inaease as top
growth inaeases until the reproductive stage is reached. After this
time, effective root depth remains fairly constant.

105
 Kedalaman perakaran tanaman jagung pada berbagai umur
pertumbuhannya. Jadwal irigasi harus didasarkan pada kedalaman efektif
akar dan bukan pada kedamalan maksimum perakaran .
106
 LAJU PENGGUNAAN AIR TANAMAN
Often, irrigation scheduling requires an estimate of the rate at which PAW
is being extracted. A "checkbook" approach is often used to keep a daily
accounting of water additions and removal.
Traveling irrigation systems usually require several days to complete one
irrigation cycle. Soil-water measurements should be used to schedule
irrigation for these systems, but continued PAW extraction during the
irrigation cycle must also be estimated so that the last part of the field
does not get too dry.

In the above situations, the crop's water use rate must be estimated.
Estimates of the water use rate for most crops are available from county
Extension Service or Soil Conservation Service offices. As with rooting
depth, water use rate is a function of the crop's stage of development, as
shown in Figure 13.
For example, corn uses water three times as fast during the pollination
period (65 to 75 days after planting, 0.25 inch per day) as during the knee-
high stage (35 to 40 days after planting, 0.08 inch per day).
107
 Penggunaan air harian tanaman jagung dipengaruhi oleh fase
pertumbuhan tanaman . Jadwal irigasi harus disesuaikan dengan
perubahan konsumsi air tanaman selama musim pertumbuhannya
108
 KEPEKAAN TANAMAN TERHADAP
KEKERINGAN
The reduction in crop yield or quality resulting from drought stress
depends on the stage of crop development. For example, corn is most
susceptible to stresses caused by dry conditions at the siLicing stage
(Figure 14).

For a given level of stress, the yield reduction for corn would be four times
greater at the silking stage than at the knee-high stage. From the yield
standpoint, applying irrigation water at silking would be worth four times
more than if the same amount of water was applied during the knee-high
stage.
Knowledge of this relationship is most useful when the irrigation capacity
or water supply is limited. When water is in short supply, irrigation should
be delayed or cancelled during the least susceptible crop growth stages.
This water can then be reserved for use during more sensitive growth
stages.
109
Kepekaan tanaman jagung terhadap kekeringan dipengaruhi oleh
fase pertumbuhannya. Semakin besar tingkat kepekaannya, maka
pengaruh kekeringan terhadap hasil semakin besar.
110
 Kepakaan tanaman jagung terhadap kekeringan
dipengaruhi oleh umur tanaman.

This relationship is typical for most agricultural crops irfigated.

The most critical irrigation period typically begins just before the
reproductive stage and lasts about 30 to 40 days to the end of the fruit
enlargement or grain development stage. Because the root system is
fully developed by the beginning of the reproductive period,
irrigation amounts should be computed to replace the depleted PAW
within the effective root zone (12 inches).
Exceptions include tobacco and other transplanted crops where
irrigation is often scheduled immediately after transplanting to
ensure stand establishment.

111
 When if rigation is scheduled before the crop root system is fully
developed, the amount of irrigation to apply should be based on the
depleted PAW within the actual effective root depth at the time of
irrigation.
For example, irrigation scheduled when corn is at the knee-high
stage (35 to 40 days after planting) should apply only about two-
thirds as much water as an irrigation scheduled during the tasseling
stage (65 days after planting) because the effective rooting depth at
the knee-high stage is only two-thirds as deep (8 inches compared to
12 inches).

For soils that have an abrupt textural change within the effective
root depth, such as a loamy sand surface texture overlying a sandy
clay loam, a correction may be necessary to account for the different
amounts of PAW within each soil texture.

112
113
Jumlah air tanah tersedia dalam berbagai tipe tanah

114
115
116
Bagaimana mycorrhiza dapat membantu penyerapan air dari
dalam tanah? Uraian 250 kata 117
 Jelaskan
mengapa
air
bergerak
dari akar
menuju
daun
tanaman ?

250 kata

118
Jelaskan klasifikasi biologis air tanah, dengan 250 kata

119
Pengaruh Potensial Air tanah thd konduktivitas hidraulik tanah
120
Pengaruh ketersediaan air terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman 121
Pola penyerapan air oleh tanaman yang tumbuh pada profil tanah
yang tidak mempunyai lapisan penghambat dan suplai air tersedia
cukup di seluruh zone perakaran tanaman

122
Sistem Perakaran Serabut dan Perakaran
Tunggang pada Tanaman umur dua bulan

123
 Penyerapan air BAWANG PUTIH (Allium cepa)

Tanaman mempunyai sistem perakaran yang dangkal dan

akar-akar terkonsentrasi pada tanah klapisan atas sedalam 0.3
m.

Pada umumnya 100% penyerapan air terjadi dari lapisan

tanah atas sedalam 0.3-0.5 m (D=0.3-0.5 m ).

Untuk memenuhi sekuruh kebutuhan air tanaman (ETm) tanah

harus dijaga tetap lembab; pada laju evapotranspirasi 5-6
mm/hari ternyata laju penyerapan air mulai menurun kalau
sekitar 25% dari total air tanah tersedia telah habis (p = 0.25).

124
Penyerapan air tanaman LOMBOK (Capsicum annum dan Capsicum
frutescens)

Tanaman lombok mempunyai akar utama yang patah pada saat trans-
planting dan kemudian menumbuhkan banyak akar-akar lateral.

Kedalaman akar dapat meluas hingga 1 m tetapi pada kondisi irigasi

ternyata akar terkonsentrasi pada lapisan tanah atas sedalam 0.3 m.

Pada kondisi evapoytranspirasi maksimum 5-6 mm/hari, 25-30% total air

tersedia dapat dihabiskan sebelum terjadi reduksi penyerapan air (p=0.25-
0.30).
Biasanya 100% penyerapan air terjadi dalam keda;laman lapisan tanah
0.5 - 1.0 m (D = 0.5-1.0 m).

125
 Penyerapan air tanaman jeruk
Tanaman jeruk menumbuhkan satu akar tunggang utama.
Akar-akar cabang membentuk semacam jaring horisontal yang dilengkapi
dengan bulku-bulu akar. Perkembangan akar snagat tergantung pada tipe
batang bawah yang digunakan dan karakteristik profil tanah.
Kedalaman perakaran beragam antara 1.20 dan 2.0 m. Pada umumnya
60% akar berada pada lapisan tanah atas 0.5 m, 30% dalam lapisan tanah
0.5 m ke dua, dan 10% pada lapisan tanah di bawah 1 meter.
Kalau persediaan air irigasi mencukupi, biasanya 100% air diekstraks dari
lapisan tanah atas 1.2 - 1.6 m (D = 1.2-1.6 m) tetapi pada kondisi kering
ternyata kedalaman ekstraksi air lebih dalam lagi.

Selama periode defisit air yang panjang, air dalam tanah yang kedalaman
efektifnya tebal dan drainasenya bagus dapat digunakan oleh tanaman
hingga kedalaman 2 atau 3 meter.
126
Pergerakan air dari lapisan tanah basah ke lapisan tanah kering
dengan bantuan sistem perakaran tanaman
127
 BAGAIMANA TANAMAN MENGAMBIL AIR?
Apa kebutuhan tanaman?
Plants need water. We all know that. Why do they need water? For the following
reasons:

Firstly, they need water in order to stand up. Some will eventually make woody
tissue to help this process, but basically plants are full of pressurised water which
makes them turgid. The leaves offer themselves to the sun....their stomata (pores)
open....and moisture evaporates. Water is drawn upward from the roots and
through the stems to replace this lost water. This process is called
"evapotranspiration". The more sun, the greater the pressure to take up water.
This process takes energy from the plant, and obviously requires a healthy root
system and the presence of AVAILABLE water in the root zone (I'll explain the
"availability" shortly). If it's not there, the plant will wilt. In cases of root disease
and diseases like Fusarium, you will see whole crops crash down.

128
Secondly, they need water to carry nutrients into themselves which
are dissolved in the soil water. They can't munch on dry fertiliser.
No water.....or I should say, "no passage of water into the plant"......
and no nutrient uptake.
If the plant can't take up water, it will become starved of nutrients.
It's not so uncommon to see high nutrient soils and pale, nutrient-
starved crops because of an inability of the plant to take up water.

Thirdly, plants need water to photosynthesize.

To summarise a fairly complex process, photosynthesis is the
synthesis of sugar (energy) from light, carbon dioxide and water, with
oxygen as a by-product.
Take away any of those factors, and the plant won't grow. It has no
energy.

129
 Apa lagi kebutuhan tanaman ?

They need oxygen, and they need it in the root zone.

Like all aerobic organisms (including us), they need to respire as part
of the process of utilising the sugars they created in photosynthesis,
and this requires oxygen.
No oxygen, and no respiration. No respiration, and no functionality.

The roots can't grow....and can't take up water....and can't supply the
plant with the nutrients and water that it needs.

This is why we talk about a plant needing DRAINAGE.

The problem in a waterlogged situation is not too much water......it's
too little oxygen!

130
 AIR DALAM TANAH
Soil is made up of soil particles in crumb-form (peds), and pore
spaces around the soil crumbs.

In a well-structured soil, these crumbs are nice and stable....but in a

poorly structured soil, the crumbs are unstable which often limits
pore-space.

The pore-spaces are necessary for holding water, and for the free
gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the plant
roots and the soil surface (respiration process).

There are three types of soil water (ie. water in the soil).

131
 AIR GRAVITASI
This is the water which is susceptible to the forces of gravity. It exists after
significant rainfall, and after substantial irrigation. This is the water which fills
all the pore-space, and leaves no room for oxygen and gaseous exchange. In
"light" soils, this tends to drain away quickly. In heavy soils, this can take time.

AIR KAPILER
This is the water which is held with the force of SURFACE TENSION by the soil
particles, and is resistent to the forces of gravity. This is the water which is
present after the gravitational water has drained away, leaving spaces free for
gaseous exchange. When the soil is holding it's MAXIMUM capillary water (after
the gravitational water has drained), this is called FIELD CAPACITY. At this
point, the plant is able to take up water easily, and has the oxygen that it needs in
the root zone.

132
 AIR HIGROSKOPIS Titik layu
This is the water which is held so tightly (by surface permanen
tension) to the soil particles that the plant roots can't merupakan sifat
take it up. tanah yang
It's there.......but it's unavailable. penting bagi
pertumbuhan
At this stage there's generally sufficient oxygen, but tanaman.
there just isn't enough available water.

The plant wilts, and will eventually die if it doesn't get

water. Mengapa
demikian?
When the plant wilts and is unable to recover, this is
called the TITIK LAYU PERMANEN Jelaskan
dengan 250 kata
133
 TITIK LAYU PERMANEN
The closer to the soil particle the water is held, the tighter it's held. And the
further from the particle, the looser it's held. It takes little energy for the plant
roots to take up the water that's far from the particle and is present at the field
capacity point. By contrast, as the water is used up (or evaporates), it takes more
and more energy for the plant to take up water.

I often use the analogy of drinking through a straw. A short straw, ie. when a cup
is 15 cm away from you, is easy to use. A one-metre long straw takes a lot of
energy to suck up a drink. A twenty-metre straw is impossible to use. It works
much the same with plants. The more the soil dries out, the more energy the
plant needs to output in order to get a decent drink.
The effect of increased soil salinity (due to high soil salinity, high soil-water
salinity, or both) has basically the same effect as a soil drying out. Salt in the soil
has as osmotic effect, and causes the water to be held more tightly around the soil
particles. The higher the salinity level, the harder it is for a plant to take a drink,
despite apparently sufficient moisture present.
134
Jelaskan pendapat
Saudara
mengenai
pentingnya
sirkulasi air
dalam sistem
Tanah-Tanaman

250 kata

135
 Bibit tanaman
tomat yang baru
ditanam ini
memerlukan cukup
banyak air dari
dalam tanah.

Mengapa
demikian?
Jelaskan
dengan 250 kata

136
 Struktur
Sistem Tanah-
Tanaman.

Jelaskan
bagaimana air
dari tanah
memasuki
sistem tanah-
tanaman.

250 kata

137
Bagaimana
peranan
tumbuhan
dalam siklus
air di alam?

Jelaskan
pendapat
Saudara
250 kata

138
Representasi ketersediaan air dalam tanah bagi
pertumbuhan tanaman
139
 AIR TERSEDIA BAGI TANAMAN

In other words, Plant Available Water (PAW) is the amount of

water held in a soil between the limits of Field Capacity and
Permanent Wilting Point.

However, only the water near to Field Capacity may be

Readily Available Water (RAW).

This is particularly so for fine textured, clayey soils because

a high proportion of PAW is held in small pores and as thin
films and plants need to 'do more work' to extract this
fraction of water from soils.

140
 RAW - Readily Available Water
(Air Mudah Tersedia)
Not all PAW is equally available to plants.

As soils dry out and PAW approaches PWP, plants will come under
water-stress and wilt. It is the objective of irrigators to avoid this
situation.

They prefer to irrigate when the soil water content is about 50% of FC or
about 100kPa.
These limits, however, are set by the irrigator to suit the business
enterprise. For example, if growth rates are to be restricted then the
trigger for an irrigation event may be 300kPa.

As the name suggests, Readily Available Water or RAW is the amount

and availability of water in soils that is readily available to plants.

141
 PAW - Plant Available Water

Following rainfall, or irrigation, all the pores in soil will be filled with water;
this is the Saturation Water Content (SWC). With time the water in the
largest pores will drain to depth due to gravitational forces.

In coarser textured, sandy and loamy soils this drainage will take place in
less than a day and will, therefore, be unavailable to plants.

Fine-textured, clayey soils, however, may be somewhat poorly drained and

all pores may remain filled with water for several days.
In these cases some of the SWC may be available for EvapoTranspiration
and would need to be considered in calculations of soil water balances and
irrigation scheduling.
Poorly drained soils, however, are less suitable for irrigation.
They are difficult to manage and may be waterlogged for times that can
cause damage to plants for reasons of anaerobic root environments.

142
 Jelaskan
bagaimana
hubungan antara
Evapotranspirasi
dan Irrigasi

Dengan 250 kata

143
 Evapotranspirasi dan Irrigasi

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the combined process of plant

transpiration and soil evaporation .

Plant transpiration is the movement of moisture from the plant

to the air through tiny pores in the leaves known as stomates.

The water enters the plants through the roots in a

liquid form and leaves the plants through the
stomates in a gaseous form.

Soil evaporation is the direct evaporation of water from the

surface of the soil into the atmosphere.
144
 Hubungan
antara profil
tanah dengan
air tanah.

Jelaskan
pendapat
Saudara
tentang hal ini

250 kata

145
 Hubungan
antara kadar
air tanah
dnegan nilai
pF, pada tiga
macam tekstur
tanah.

Jelaskan
pendapat
Saudara
tentang hal ini
250 kata

146
 Transport air dalam tanaman
Plants need raw materials like CO2, water and minerals for
photosynthesis and for various other purposes such as making of
proteins. For plants soil is the richest source of water and minerals.
Roots absorb these substances and transport to the various parts of the
plant.
The water and minerals dissolved in it move through special tissue
present in plants called xylem.
Xylem consists of two kinds of elements called tracheids and vessels.

Vessels and tracheids of the roots, stems and leaves are interconnected
to form a continuous system of water conducting channels reaching all
parts of the plant.

147
148
Struktur jaringan pembuluh tanaman 149
Struktur jaringan pembuluh tanaman

150
 PERGERAKAN AIR TANAH
During long-continued heavy rains, infiltration of soil water continues under the
force of gravity, carrying the water down to successively greater depths. Soil pores
become filled with water, with only a small amount of free air remaining entrapped
in bubbles.
The soil may, for a time, become almost completely saturated with water. Downward
percolation continues beyond the soil water belt into the intermediate belt, a zone
too deep to be reached by plat roots. Water may ultimately reach the ground-water
zone below .

After the rain has ceased, water continues to drain downward under the influence of
gravity, but some remains held in the soil, clinging to the soil grains in thin films, by
the force of capillary tension.
This is the same force that causes ink to be drawn upward in a piece of blotting
paper and which permits small water droplets to cling to the side of a vertical pane
of glass. Films of capillary water in the soil remain held in place until gradually
dissipated by evaporation or drawn into root systems.

151
 PERGERAKAN AIR TANAH

After soil has been saturated by prolonged rains and then drains until no more
water moves downward under the force of gravity, the soil is said to be holding
its field capacity of water. Most excess water drains out in a day’s time; usually
not more that two or three days are required for gravity drainage to cease.
Soil-moisture content can be stated in terms of the equivalent depth in inches of
water in a given thickness of soil. At field capacity, soil-moisture content ranges
from 1 to 4 inches per foot of soil, depending upon soil texture .

Sandy soils have low field capacity, which is rapidly reached because of the ease
with which the water penetrates the large openings (macro pores). Clay soils, on
the other hand, have a high field capacity, but require much longer periods to
attain it because of the slow rate of water penetration due to the much smaller
openings (micro pores).

A comparable, but lower value of soil moisture is the wilting point, below which
foliage wilts because of the inability of the plants to extract the remaining
moisture .
152
 A few points to consider:
Only after heavy rainfall does the water “flow” through the soil. This is especially
true in our area where evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. During most of
the growing season the water can be said to be “pulled” through the soil by
capillarity.
Field Capacity can be thought of as “all the water a soil can hold against the pull of
gravity”.

When the field capacity of a particular soil is exceeded, water begins to flow
downward. One last point to consider is that available water to the plant is only the
water held in the soil at tensions between field capacity and wilt point, or
realistically, the water held at tensions less than wilt point.

The characteristic annual cycle of changes in soil moisture content deserves study
because it leads to a better understanding of the principles of ground-water
movement, surface runoff, and various aspects of the sculpturing of the land by
running water.

153
 Hubungan Air –
Tanah – dan
Tanaman
Suatu sistem yang
kontinum.

Jelaskan pendapat
Saudara mengenai
hal ini
(sebanyak 250
kata)

154
Air tanah pada berbagai kondisi kelengasan (kadar air)

155
 Tanaman menyerap
air dari dalam tanah
melalui akar-
akarnya, kemudian
diangkut ke daun
untuk fotosintesis
Jelaskan bagaimana
akar tanaman
menyerap air dari
dalam tanah?
dengan 250 kata

Struktur Tanaman
156
 AKAR TANAMAN

Often roots are overlooked, probably because they are less visible
than the rest of the plant. However, it's important to understand
plant root systems because they have a pronounced effect on a
plant's size and vigor, method of propagation, adaptation to soil
types, and response to cultural practices and irrigation.

Roots typically originate from the lower portion of a plant or cutting.

They have a root cap, but lack nodes and never bear leaves or
flowers directly.

Their principal functions are to absorb nutrients and moisture, anchor

the plant in the soil, support the stem, and store food. In some plants,
they can be used for propagation.

157
Struktur akar tanaman
158
Penampang melintang akar tanaman
159
Pengolahan tanah sawah memerlukan
banyak air Pengolahan tanah
sawah untuk
menanam padi
memerlukan
banyak air.

Mengapa
demikian?
Jelaskan
dengan 250 kata

160
Penanaman bibit padi juga memerlukan banyak air 161
 How Rice Is Grown

The two major types of rice, indica (long-grain) and japonica

(medium- and short-grain) do well in different environments.
Long-grain indica rices (basmati and jasmine, for example) do
well in hot, equatorial climates. Medium- and short-grain
japonica rices grow well in temperate and mountainous
regions.
Rice cultivation has traditionally been well-suited to countries
and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall. Without
modern technology, rice is very labor-intensive to cultivate;
either way it requires plenty of water for irrigation.

162
 Kebutuhan air tanaman :

"kedalaman (jumlah) air yang diperlukan untuk

memenuhi kehilangan air melalui evapotranspirasi
(ETtanaman) tanaman yang sehat, tumbuh pada
sebidang lahan yang luas dengan kondisi tanah yang
tidak mempunyai kendala (kendala lengas tanah dan
kesuburan tanah) dan mencapai potensi produksi
penuh pada kondisi lingkungan tumbuh tertentu".

163
 AIR TANAMAN

Water is essential in the plant environment for a number of

reasons. Water transports minerals through the soil to the roots
where they are absorbed by the plant. Water is also the principal
medium for the chemical and biochemical processes that support
plant metabolism. Under pressure within plant cells, water
provides physical support for plants.
It also acts as a solvent for dissolved sugars and minerals
transported throughout the plant. In addition, evaporation within
intercellular spaces provides the cooling mechanism that allows
plants to maintain the favorable temperatures necessary for
metabolic processes.

164
 HUBUNGAN TANAH-AIR
The role of soil in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum is unique. It
has been demonstrated that soil is not essential for plant growth
and indeed plants can be grown hydroponically (in a liquid
culture).
However, usually plants are grown in the soil and soil properties
directly affect the availability of water and nutrients to plants.
Soil water affects plant growth directly through its controlling
effect on plant water status and indirectly through its effect on
aeration, temperature, and nutrient transport, uptake and
transformation. The understanding of these properties is helpful in
good irrigation design and management.

165
Komponen Neraca Air pada Suatu
Lahan

Air Irigasi

166
 Growth of most
Hubungan antara Kadar Air Tanah dan agricultural crops is
Pertumbuhan Tanaman favored by a soil water
content that is high enough
to encourage crop growth
and development, but not
so high that aeration
becomes restrictive.

If soil water is plant-

extracted to levels
approaching the PWP,
water is held so tenaciously
by the soil that plants can
no longer obtain sufficient
water to meet the potential
for transpiration.
Transpiration is restricted
and yield losses take place.

167
 IRRIGATION
A. Definition: Supplying water to plants in an
artificial manner. (39% of all freshwater in the
US is used to irrigate crops)

1. Ancient practice – first irrigation used

ditches to divert rivers and streams.

2. California agriculture relies on irrigation.

a. Mediterranean climate
b. Crop diversification
c. Economics
168
 Pola pergiliran
tanaman
berdasarkan
curah hujan
Jelaskan mengapa
demikian?

Dengan 250 kata

169
Soil Water and Groundwater (1)

170