Chapter 7

DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

7-1
 DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

• Dc-dc converters for switch-mode dc power

supplies and dc-motor drives
• these dc-dc converters are studied:
• step-down (buck)
• step-up (boost)
• step-up/ step-down (buck-boost)
• Cúk
• Full-bridge
7-2
Block Diagram of DC-DC Converters

7-3
 Stepping Down a DC Voltage

• switching at constant frequency:

• pulse-width modulation (PWM) switching

vo

Ts  ton  toff
7-4
 Pulse-Width Modulation (1)

• signal-level control voltage vcontrol generated by amplifying

the difference between actual output voltage and desired
output voltage

• switch control signal generated by comparing vcontrol with

repetitive waveform

7-5
 Pulse-Width Modulation (2)

ton vcontrol
• switch duty-cycle D is D 
Ts Vˆst
7-6
Step-Down (Buck) DC-DC Converter (1)

7-7
Step-Down (Buck) DC-DC Converter (2)
• average output voltage Vo

1  t on Ts
 t
Vo    Vd dt   0 dt   on Vd  D Vd
Ts  0 t on  Ts
or
Vd
Vo  vcontrol  k vcontrol
Vˆst

7-8
Continuous conduction mode (1)

7-9
Continuous conduction mode (2)
Ts t on Ts

v
0
L dt   vL dt   vL dt 0
0 t on

(Vd  Vo ) ton  Vo (Ts  ton )

or
Vo ton
 D
Vd Ts
7-10
 Continuous conduction mode (3)
• input power equals output power:

Pd  Po
Vd I d  Vo I o
I o Vd 1
 
I d Vo D

•step-down converter is equivalent to a dc

transformer where the turns ratio is in the range 0-1

7-11
 Edge of Cont./Discont. Conduction

• Critical current below which inductor current becomes discontinuous:

1 1t 1 D Ts 1 D Ts V
I LB  iL , peak  on (Vd  Vo )  (Vd  Vo )  Vd (1  o )
2 2 L 2 L 2 L Vd
1 D Ts TsVd
 Vd (1  D)  I LB ,max 
2 L 8L
7-12
Discontinuous Conduction Mode

7-13
 Discontinuous Conduction Mode (2)
• Vo/Vd in the discontinuous mode
• integrating the inductor voltage over one time period,
(Vd  Vo ) DTs  (Vo )1Ts  0
Vo D
  (1)
Vd D  1

• From the figure,

Vo
iL , peak  1Ts
L
and
1  s iL , peak 
DT 1Ts
iL , peak
Io    t dt   t dt 
Ts  0 DTs 0
1Ts 
1  iL , peak DTs  iL , peak 1Ts  
2 2
   
Ts  DTs 2 1Ts 2 
D  1
 iL , peak 7-14
2
 D  1
 i
Discontinuous
L , peak Conduction Mode (3)
2
substituti ng iL , peak
VoTs
I0  ( D  1 )1
2L
and using (1)
Vd Ts
I0  D 1
2L
2 LI o Io TsVd
 1   I LB ,max 
Vd Ts D 4 I LB ,max D 8L
Substituti ng in (1)
Vo D2

Vd D 2  I o
4 I LB ,max

7-15
 Limits of Cont./Discont. Conduction with
constant D TV
I LB ,max  s d
8L
I LB / I LB ,max  4 D (1  D)

• The duty-ratio of 0.5 has the highest value of the critical

current
• The boundary between the cont/discont mode is shown by
the dashed curve

7-16
Discont. Conduction mode with constant Vo
• in regulated dc power supplies Vo is kept constant by
adjusting the duty ratio D
• since Vd=Vo/D the average inductor current at the edge
of cont/discont mode is
DTs
I LB  Vd (1  D)
2L
TsVo
 (1  D)
2L
• when D=0 the maximum ILB,max is
TsVo
I LB ,max 
2L
7-17
Discont. Conduction mode with constant Vo

1/ 2
TsVo Vo  I o / I LB ,max 
I LB ,max  D  
2L Vd  1  Vo / Vd 
7-18