CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES, EQUIPMENT AND

PRACTICE

M.Sathish Kumar, AP/Civil 1

 CONTENTS

• CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
• CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES
• SUB STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
• SUPER STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
• CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
TEXT BOOKS
 Shetty, M.S, "Concrete Technology, Theory and
Practice", S. Chand and Company Ltd, New Delhi,
2008.
M.Sathish Kumar, AP/Civil 2
 CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY
• Cements – Grade of cements - concrete
chemicals and Applications – Grade of
concrete - manufacturing of concrete –
Batching – mixing – transporting – placing –
compaction of concrete – curing and finishing
- Testing of fresh and hardened concrete –
quality of concrete – Extreme Weather
Concreting - Ready Mix Concrete - Non-
destructive testing.
M.Sathish Kumar, AP/Civil 3
 Cement
• Cement was first discovered by an English brick layer named
Joseph Aspdin in 1824.
• Cement is a binder.
Hydraulic cements
It set in wet condition or in
underwater; and further protects
the hardened material from
chemical attack.
Ex:- Portland Cement
Non-hydraulic cement
It will not set in wet conditions
or underwater; rather, it sets as
it dries and reacts with carbon
dioxide in the air. It can be
attacked by some aggressive
chemicals after setting.
Ex:- Lime, Gypsum & Manganese
Cement

M.Sathish Kumar, AP/Civil 4

M.Sathish Kumar, AP/Civil 5
 Grade of Cements
• Grade of cement based on suitability for
various concreting environment is important
for durability considerations of structures.
Following are the suitability of various
cements for different environmental
conditions:
33 grade OPC
43 grade OPC
53 grade OPC

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33 grade OPC:
• It is used for normal grade of concrete upto M-20,
plastering, flooring, grouting of cable ducts in PSC
works etc.
43 grade OPC:
• It is the most widely used general purpose cement. For
concrete grades upto M-30, precast elements.
• For marine structures but C3A should be between 5 –
8%.
53 grade OPC:
• For concrete grade higher than M-30, PSC works,
bridge, roads, multi-storied buildings etc.
• For use in cold weather concreting.
• For marine structures but C3A should be between 5 –
8%.
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Types of Cement

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Types of Cement Composition Purpose

Attains high strength in

early days it is used in
Rapid Hardening Cement Increased Lime content concrete where form work
are removed at an early
stage.
Small percentage of
Used in works is to be
aluminium sulphate as an
Quick setting cement completed in very short
accelerator and reducing
period and concreting in
percentage of Gypsum
static and running water
with fine grinding
It is used in massive
Low Heat Cement Manufactured by reducing
concrete construction like
tri-calcium aluminate
gravity dams

M.Sathish Kumar, AP/Civil

 It is used in construction
It is prepared by maintaining the exposed to severe sulphate
Sulphates
percentage of tricalcium aluminate action by water and soil in
resisting
below 6% which increases power places like canals linings,
Cement
against sulphates culverts, retaining walls,
siphons etc.,
It is obtained by melting mixture of
It is used in works where
bauxite and lime and grinding with the
High Alumina concrete is subjected to
clinker it is rapid hardening cement with
Cement high temperatures, frost,
initial and final setting time of about 3.5
and acidic action.
and 5 hours respectively
It is more costly and is
used for architectural
White It is prepared from raw materials free purposes such as pre-cast
Cement from Iron oxide. curtain wall and facing
panels, terrazzo surface
etc.,

Coloured It is produced by mixing mineral They are widely used for

cement pigments with ordinary cement. decorative works in floors
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 It is used in marine
It is prepared by grinding structures, sewage works,
Pozzolanic Cement pozzolanic clinker with and for laying concrete
Portland cement under water such as
bridges, piers, dams etc.,

This type of cement is

It is produced by adding
specially suited to improve
indigenous air entraining
the workability with
Air Entraining Cement agents such as resins, glues,
smaller water cement ratio
sodium salts of Sulphates etc
and to improve frost
during the grinding of clinker.
resistance of concrete.

It is prepared by mixing This cement has high

Hydrographic cement
water repelling chemicals workability and strength

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Objective Questions

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1. Who discovered the cement?
a) Joseph Aspdin in 1824
b) Terzaghi in 1883
c) M. Visvesvaraya in 1861

Ans:

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2. Pick the grade of cement which is preferably
suitable M20 grade,
a) 33 grade
b) 43 grade
c) 53 grade

Ans:

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3. Example for hydraulic cement,
a) Lime
b) Gypsum
c) Manganese Cement
d) Portland Cement

Ans:

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4. Low heat cement is used for the
constructions like,
a) Attaining early strength
b) Gravity dams
c) Decorative buildings

Ans:

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5. Raw materials for the manufacture of cement,
a) Limestone
b) Clay
c) Gypsum
d) All the above

Ans:

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 Answers
1. Joseph Aspdin in 1824
2. 33 grade
3. Portland Cement
4. Gravity dams
5. All the above

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