2102576 Digital Signal Processing

Dr.Somchai Jitapunkul
Digital Signal Processing Research Laboratory
Department of Electrical Engineering
Chulalongkorn University

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 Course Outlines

• Introduction • Filter Design Techniques

• Discrete-Time Signals and
Systems
• Sampling of Continuous-Time
Signals
• The z-Transform
• Transform Analysis of Linear
Time-Invariant Systems
• Structures for Discrete-Time
Systems
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• The Discrete Fourier Transform
• Computation of the Discrete
Fourier Transform
• Discrete Hilbert Transform
• Fourier Analysis of Signals
Using the Discrete Fourier
Transform
• Introduction to Cepstrum
Analysis and Homomorphic
Deconvolution
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 Bibliography

• Text:
– A.V. Oppenheim, and R.W. Schafer, Discrete-Time Signal
Processing, Prentice Hall, 1989.
• References:
– J.G. Proakis, and D.G. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing, 3rd
ed., Prentice Hall, 1996.
– E.C. Ifeachor, and B.W. Jervis, Digital Signal Processing,
Addison Wesley, 1993.
– S.K. Mitra, Digital Signal Processing, 2nd ed., McGraw-HILL,
2001.
– Etc.
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 Examination and Grading

• Final Examination:
– Date: Monday 25 February 2001
– Time: 08:00 am ~ 12:00 am Paper Examination
– Time: 12:00 am ~ 17:00 pm (tentatively) Design Project
– Room: DSP Laboratory and neighbor room
– Building: Engineering 4 (Charoen Vissawakam)
• Grading:
– Depend mainly on each individual achievement

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 10 Outstanding Achievements Between 1964 and 1989
Selected by National Academy of Engineering, Washington D.C.

• Moon Landing
• Application Satellites
• Microprocessors
• Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing
• Computerized Axial Tomography Scanner
• Advanced Composite Materials
• Jumbo Jets
• Lasers Fiber-Optics Communications
• Genetically Engineered Products

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 Grand Challenges in Science and Engineering
need high-performance computing
Office of Science and Technology Policy, Washington D.C.

• Prediction of Weather, Climate, and Global Change

• Speech Recognition and Understanding
• Machine Vision
• Vehicle Performance
• Superconductivity
• Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery
• Nuclear Fusion

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 DSP Applications
• Image Processing
– Pattern recognition
– Robotic vision
– Image enhancement
– Facsimile
– Satellite weather map
– Animation
• Instrumentation/Control
– Spectrum analysis
– Position and rate control
– Noise reduction
– Data compression
• Speech/audio
– Speech recognition/synthesis
– Text to speech
– Digital audio
– equalization
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• Military
– Secure communication
– Radar processing
– Sonar processing
– Missile guidance
• Telecommunications
– Echo cancellation
– Adaptive equalization
– ADPCM transcoders
– Spread spectrum
– Video conferencing
– Data communication
• Biomedical
– Patient monitoring
– Scanners
– EEG brain mappers
– ECG analysis
– X-ray storage/enhancement
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 Reasons of Using DSP
• Signals and data of many types are
increasingly stored in digital computers,
and transmitted in digital form from
place to place. In many cases it makes
sense to process them digitally as well.
• Digital processing is inherently stable
and reliable. It also offers certain
technical possibilities not available with
analog methods.
• Rapid advances in IC design and
manufacture are producing ever more
powerful DSP devices at decreasing
cost.
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• Flexibility in reconfiguring
• Better control of accuracy requirement
• Easily transportable and possible
offline processing
• Cheaper hardware in some case
• In many case DSP is used to process a
number of signals simultaneously. This
may be done by interlacing samples
(technique known as TDM) obtained
from the various signal channels.
• Limitation in speed & Requirement in
larger bandwidth
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DSP in ASIC (Application Specific Integrated
Circuit)
Advantages Disadvantages
• High throughput • High investment cost
• Lower silicon area • Less flexibility
• Lower power consumption • Long time from design to
• Improved reliability market
• Reduction in system noise
• Low overall system cost

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 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
• One-dimensional signal (time) • Stationary signal
• Multidimensional signal (spatial coordinate) • Cyclostationary
• Non-stationary signal
• Real-valued function
• Complex-valued function • Time-invariant system
• Time-varying system
• Dependent variable
• Causal
• Independent variable
• Non-causal

• Analog signal/system • Deterministic signal

• Continuous-time signal/system – Periodic
• Continuous-amplitude signal/system – Non-periodic
• Discrete-amplitude signal/system • Random signal
• – Stochastic signal
Quantized boxcar signal/system
– Noise or interference
• Discrete-time signal/system
• Sampled-data signal/system • Analytical signal
• Digital signal/system • Distribution

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 Discrete-time Signals and Systems

• Continuous-time signals are defined along a continuum

of times and thus are represented by a continuous
independent variable.
• Discrete-time signals are defined at discrete times and
thus the independent variable has discrete values.
• Analog signals are those for which both time and
amplitude are continuous.
• Digital signals are those for which both time and
amplitude are discrete.

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 Discrete-Time Signals : Sequences

• Continuous-time signal will be sampled into set of its

values at definite time.
• If duration of each sampling time is fixed in equal period
called sampling period, T. Thus nth value of sampled
signal is equal to the value of the continuous-time signal
xc(t) at time nT.
• Representation of sampled values will be shown in a
sequence of numbers x = {x[n]}.
• 1/T is called the sampling frequency.

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 Signal Processing Operation

• Time-domain/spatial-domain operation
• Frequency-domain operation

• Real-time operation
• Off-line operation

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 Time-Domain Signal Operation

Basic operations Elementary operations

• Scaling : gain • Integration / Summation
– Amplification • Differentiation /
– Attenuation Difference
• Delay / Advance • Production
• Addition • Convolution

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 Filtering

Filter Parameters • Filter Types

• Passband • Basic Types
– Lowpass
• Stopband
– Highpass
• Transition band – Bandpass
• Cutoff frequency – Bandstop/band eject
• Band Edge Frequency • Other Types
– Notch filter
– Comb filter
– Single band
– Multiband

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 Mathematical Tools

• Differential Equation
• Difference Equation
• Laplace Transform
• z-Transform
• Fourier Transform
• Hilbert Transform
• Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
• Discrete Fourier Transform
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 Definitions • Interference
• Noise
• Modulation – White Noise
• Coding – Gaussian Noise
• Multiplexing – White Gaussian Noise (WGN)
• Equalization
• Quantization
• Modulated signal
– Scalar Quantization
• Carrier signal – Vector Quantization
• Spread Spectrum
• Single Sideband (SSB) – Direct Sequence or Pseudo-noise
– Frequency Hopping
• Double Sideband (DSB) – Time Hopping
• Coding – Combination
– Source Coding • Hidden Markov Model
– Channel Coding • Kalman (Recursive Least Square) Algorithm
• Pseudo-noise (PN) Sequence
• Fading – M sequences
– Rayleigh Fading – Gold Sequences
– Ricean Fading – Kasami Sequences
– Nakagami Fading

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 Modulation/Coding Methods
• Fixed-Length Code Word
• Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) • Variable-Length Code Word
• Digital PAM or Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) – Entropy Coding Huffman Coding
• Phase Modulation • Variable-to-Fixed Length Code Word
• Digital Phase Modulation or Phase-Shift Keying – Lempel-Ziv Algorithm
(PSK) • Temporal Waveform Coding
– Binary PSK (BPSK) – Pulse coded modulation (PCM)
• Adaptive PCM (APCM)
– Quadrature PSK (QPSK)
– Differential PCM (DPCM)
– Differential PSK (DPSK)
• Adaptive DPCM (ADPCM)
– Staggered Quadrature PSK (SQPSK)
– Open-loop DPCM (D*PCM)
• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) – Delta modulation (DM) or 1-bit or 2-level DPCM
• Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) • Linear DM (LDM)
– Continuous-Phase FSK (CPFSK) • Adaptive DM (ADM)
• Continuously Variable Slope DM (CVSD)
• Amplitude Modulation (AM)
• Model-Based Source Coding
• Frequency Modulation (FM)
– Linear Predictive Coding (LPC)
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) • Spectral Waveform Coding
• Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) – Subband Coding (SBC)
• Continuous-Phase Modulation (CPM) – Transform Coding (TC)
• Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK)

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 Multiplexing

• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
• Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
– Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) or Spread
Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA)
• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)

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 Examples of Signals

• Electrocardiography (ECG) Signal

• Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signal
• Seismic Signals
• Engine Signal
• Speech, Musical Sound, and Audio Signals
• Vibration Signal
• Time Series Signal (daily stock prices, etc.)
• Images and Video Signals
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 Typical Sampling Rates and System Latencies for
Selected Applications
Application I/O Sampling Rate Latency (Delay)

Instrumentation 1 Hz System dependent*

Control > 0.1 kHz System dependent*
Voice 8 kHz < 50 ms
Audio 44.1 kHz < 50 ms*
Video 1~14 MHz < 50 ms*
* Many times, a signal may not need to be concerned with latency: for example, a TV signal
is more dependent on synchronization with audio than the latency. In each of these cases,
the latency is dependent on the application.
•Nasser Kehtarnavaz, and Mansour Keramat, DSP System Design: Using the TMS320C6000, Prentice
Hall, 2001.

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 Examples of Applications
• Sound Recording
Applications
– Compressors and Limiters
– Expanders and Noise Gates
– Equalizers and Filters
– Noise Reduction Systems
– Delay and Reverberation
Systems
– Special Effect Circuits
• Speech Processing
– Speech Recognition
– Speech Communication
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• Telephone Dialing
Applications
• FM Stereo Applications
• Electronic Music Synthesis
– Subtractive Synthesis
– Additive Synthesis
• Echo Cancellation in
Telephone Networks
• Interference Cancellation in
Wireless Telecommunication
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 Cellular Phone Wireless Communication
DSP System
Nasser Kehtarnavaz, and Mansour Keramat, DSP System Design: Using the TMS320C6000, Prentice Hall, 2001.

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 ADSL Wired Communication DSP System
Nasser Kehtarnavaz, and Mansour Keramat, DSP System Design: Using the TMS320C6000, Prentice Hall, 2001.

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 PCM Voiceband DSP System
Nasser Kehtarnavaz, and Mansour Keramat, DSP System Design: Using the TMS320C6000, Prentice Hall, 2001.

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 Gigabit Ethernet DSP System
Nasser Kehtarnavaz, and Mansour Keramat, DSP System Design: Using the TMS320C6000, Prentice Hall, 2001.

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 Hard Disk Drive DSP System
Nasser Kehtarnavaz, and Mansour Keramat, DSP System Design: Using the TMS320C6000, Prentice Hall, 2001.

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 Motor Control DSP System
Nasser Kehtarnavaz, and Mansour Keramat, DSP System Design: Using the TMS320C6000, Prentice Hall, 2001.

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