BFC 21002 : CONSTRUCTION

ENGINEERING
( SECTION 2 )
EARTHWORK
LECTURER : DR NOORLI ISMAIL
NAME :
1 ) MOHD HAFIZUL FARIS BIN ROZAIDI CF170014
2 ) MOHAMAD AIZAN BIN SAMSUDIN CF170170
3 ) MUHAMMAD FAKHRI FAHMI BIN AZNAN CF170138
4 ) MOHD SHARUL AMIN BIN YUSOFF CF170015
5 ) MOHAMAD NOR ZAINI BIN MAT JUSOH CF170060
 Introduction to Earth Work
• Earth work is the excavation, hauling and
placing of soil, rock, gravel or other material
found below the surface of earth.

• The preparation for level formation as required

in the drawing.
 Earth work activity
• Site clearing (pembersihan)
• Dredging (pengorekan)
• Unloading (pemunggahan)
• Transportation (pengangkutan)
• Casting (penuangan )
• Compaction (pemadatan)
• Invasion (pencerunan )
 SITE INVESTIGATION
INTRODUCTION
Site investigation is the process of collecting information,
assessment of the data and reporting potential hazards beneath
a site which are unknown. Site investigation is grouped into the
following stages :
I. Soil investigation
II. Geologic survey maps
III. Preliminary investigation
IV. Detailed site investigation
V. Supplementary investigation and construction control
 SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT TEST
• To determine the moisture content of a given soil sample using
the data read and recorded from the experiment.

Objective
• The moisture content analysis is used to determine the
amount and percentage of moisture in the soil. The water
content is the mass ratio of water in the mass given to the
mass of dry soil solids. Ground water content is also
responsible for determining soil properties and behavior. It is
important to state the relation of air, water, and solid phases
to a certain amount of land
Matterials and Apparatus
Procedure:

1. Six (6) containers labeled using A-F in order

2. Weight can be 'A' and measured and recorded as W1 (g).
3. The soil has been added to the can and its weight is measured
4. Weight measured is then recorded as W2 (g).
5. The electric oven is then set to 110 ° C and the cans are placed in
the oven for 24 hours.
6. Tin is then taken out of the oven and put into the desiccator for a
few minutes to let cool.
7. The new weight of the cans then measures and is recorded as
W3 (g).
8. These steps are then repeated for each sample container
Results

Calculate the moisture content of the soil as a percentage of the dry soil
weight.

Where:
W1 = Weight of tin (g)
W2 = Weight of moist soil + tin (g)
W3 = Weight of dried soil + tin (g)
Atterberg limit
• Atterberg limits are important to describe the consistency of fine-grained
soils
• The knowledge of the soil consistency is important in defining or classifying
a soil type
• A fine-grained soil usually exists with its particles surrounded by water
• The amount of water in the soil determines itsstate or consistency
• Four states of soil: solid, semi-solid,plastic and liquid
Procedure liquid limit
• 150g air dry soil passing #40 sieve
• Add 20% of water – mix thoroughly
• Place a small sample of soil in liquid limit device
• Cut a groove (2mm at the base)
• Run the device,count the number of blows, N
• Stop when the groove in the soil close through a distance of 0.5 inch
• Take a sample abd find the moisture content
• Run the test three times [N~(10-20),N~(20-30) and N~(35-45)
• Plot number of blows vs moisture content and determine the liquid limit.
Apparatus
Example liquid limit table
Plastic limit procedure
• Take 20g of soil passing #40 sieve into a dish
• Add water and mix thoroughly
• Prepare several ellipsoidal-shapped soil masses by quizzing
the soil with your hand
• Put the soil in rolling device, and roll the soil until the thread
reaches 1/8
• Continue rolling until the thread crumbles into several pieces
• Determine the moisture content of about 6g of crumbled soil
Example data sheets
Blank data sheets
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST

• Specific gravity is the ratio of the mass of unit volume of soil at a

stated temperature to the mass of the same volume of gas-free
distilled water at a stated temperature.

OBJECTIVE
• For determination of specific gravity of soil solids by pycnometer
method
EQUIPMENT AND APPARATUS
PREPARATION SAMPLE

• After receiving the soil sample it is dried in oven at a

temperature of 105 to 1150C for a period of 16 to 24 hours.
PROCEDURE

• Dry the pycnometer and weigh it with its cap(W1)

• Take about 200 g to 300 g of oven dried soil passing through 4.75mm sieve
into the pycnometer and weigh again(W2)
• Add water to cover the soil and screw on the cap
• Shake the pycnometer well and connect it to the vaccum pump to remove
entrapped air for about 10 to 20 minutes
• After the air has been removed, fill the pycnometer with water and weigh
it (W3)
• Clean the pycnometer by washing thoroughly
• Fill the cleaned pycnometer completely with water upto its top with cap
screw on
• Weigh the pycnometer after drying it on the outside thoroughly(W4)
CALCULATION

• The Specific gravity of soil solids (Gs) is calculated using the following equation

• Where
• W1=Empty weight of pycnometer
• W2=Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil
• W3=Weight of pycnometer + oven dry soil + water
• W4=Weight of pycnometer + water full
 DRY DENSITY
• The weight of soil particles in a given volume of
sample is termed as dry density of soil.
• Dry density of soil depends upon void ratio and
specific gravity of soil.
• Based on values of dry density soil is classified
into dense, medium dense and loose
categories.
SAND REPLACEMENT TEST

WHY WE SHOULD DO SAND

REPLACEMENT TEST ?
 TO DETERMINE THE IN SITU
DENSITY OF NATURAL OR
COMPACTED SOILS USING SAND
POURING CYLINDERS
APPARATUS
CYLINDRICAL CALIBRATING CONTAINER
SAND POURING CYLINDER
TOOLS FOR EXCAVATING HOLES
METAL CONTAINERS
METAL TRAY
PROCEDURE OF SAND
REPLACEMENT
LET’S WATCH THE
VIDEO
 PROCEDURE
CALIBRATION OF THE CYLINDER
1) Fill the sand-pouring cylinder with sand, within about 10mm
of its top. Determine the mass of the cylinder to the nearest
gram.
2) Place the sand-pouring cylinder vertically on the calibrating
container. Open the shutter to allow the sand in the cylinder,
close the shutter.
3) Lift the pouring cylinder from the calibrating container and
weight it to the nearest gram
4) Again fill the pouring cylinder with sand, within 10mm of its
top.
5) Open the shutter and allow the sand to run out of the
cylinder. When the volume of the sand let out is equal
to the volume of the calibrating container, close the
shutter.
6) Place the cylinder over a plane surface. Open the
shutter. The sand fills the cone of the cylinder. Close
the shutter when no further movement of sand takes
place.
7) Remove the cylinder. Collect the sand left on the glass
plate. Determine the mass of sand that had filled by
weighing the collected sand.
DETERMINATION OF BULK DENSITY OF SOIL
1) Place the sand pouring cylinder on the top of the
calibrating container with the shutter closed making
sure that constant mass is maintained.
2) Open the shutter of cylinder and allow the sand to
move into the container. When no further movement
is seen, close the shutter and find the mass of sand
left in the cylinder
3) Repeat step 2-3 at least thrice and find the mean
mass
DETERMINATION OF FIELD DENSITY OF SOIL
1) Place metal tray on the surface haring a circular
hole of 10cm diameter at the centre. Dig a hole of
this diameter up to about 15cm depth. collect all the
excavation soil in the tray and find the mass of
excavation soil
2) Remove the tray and place the sand-pouring cylinder
concentrically on the hole. Open the shutter and
allow the sand to run into the hole till no further
movement of sand is noticed. Close the shutter and
determine mass of sand which is left in the cylinder
3) The representative sample is taken from the
excavated soil for determination of water content.
 COMPACTION TEST
• MASUK SINI MINNNNN !!!
 Site clearing
• cleaning the project area from all kinds of
trees, plants or timber or stumps of dead trees
or unwanted substances.
• These unwanted ingredients can not be placed
on the building.
 AMONG THE ACTIVITIES
INVOLVED IN THE CLEANING
OF THE TREES AT THE
CONSTRUCTION SITE
BUILDING DEMOLITION
• Site demolition often involves the removal of catch basins,
manholes, underground pipe, asphalt and concrete paving.
• The importance of ensuring all site requirement is
considered to met and future restoration for pipework and
utilities.
• Salvage items like copper wire, insulations, furnishing and
lighting
• Ranging from the razing of a building to limited structure
removal, building demolition requires detailed preparation.
• Concrete foundations
• Swimming pool
• Entire structures
DEMOLITION
CLEARING
 LEVELLING AND GRADING
PURPOSE
In order to ensure that your house is built
completely level and that runoff and
erosion are controlled as best as possible,
it's often necessary to use machinery to
level the soil on the construction site.
 CUT AND FILL
• MIN PASTE DEKAT SINI !!!