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Technical Studies
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
SEQUENCE OF CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Objectives
1.1 Fluid Concept
1.2 Units and Dimensions
1.3 Fluid Continuum
1.4 Flow Patterns
1.5 Fluid Density
1.6 Viscosity
1.7 Surface Tension
1.8 Vapour Pressure
Summary
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
Introduction
This chapter will begin with several concepts, definition,
terminologies and approaches which should be understood by
the students before continuing reading the rest of this
module.
Then, it introduces the student with typical properties of
fluid and their dimensions which are then being used
extensively in the next chapters and units like pressure,
velocity, density and viscosity.
Some of these can be used to classify type and characteristic
of fluid, such as whether a fluid is incompressible or not or
whether the fluid is Newtonian or non-Newtonian.
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
Objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to :
explain the concept of fluid continuity and flow
representations using streamlines, streaklines and
pathlines,
Identify and describe typical fluid properties and their
units and dimensions
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
Free surface
k k
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
V = V0 + at
where V0 is the initial velocity, a the acceleration and t the
time interval. In terms for dimensions of the equation, we
can expand that
LT-1 = LT -1 + LT-2 • T
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
Example 1.1
The free vibration of a particle can be simulated by the
following differential equation:
du
m kx 0
dt
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
Example 1.1
By making the dimension of the first term equal to the
second term:
[u]
[m] • = [k]•[x]
[t]
Hence,
[m]•[u] M • LT-1
[k] = =
[t]•[x] LT
= MT-2
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
x,y,z), V = V x,y,z)
An example is the velocity of a steady flow of a river where the upstream
and downstream velocities are different but their values does not change
through time.
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
V = V t)
An example is the air flow in a constant diameter duct where the velocity
is constant throughout the length of the duct but can be increased
uniformly by increasing the power of the fan.
t)
An example is the density of a gas in a closed container where the
container is heated. The density is constant inside the container but
gradually increases with time as the temperature increases.
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
1.5 Density
Density of a fluid, ,
Definition: mass per unit volume,
slightly affected by changes in temperature and pressure.
= mass/volume = m/
Units: kg/m3
Typical values:
Water = 1000 kg/m3; Air = 1.23 kg/m3
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
1.6 Viscosity
• Viscosity, , is a measure of resistance to fluid flow as a
result of intermolecular cohesion. In other words, viscosity
can be seen as internal friction to fluid motion which can
then lead to energy loss.
• Different fluids deform at different rates under the same
shear stress. The ease with which a fluid pours is an
indication of its viscosity. Fluid with a high viscosity such as
syrup deforms more slowly than fluid with a low viscosity
such as water. The viscosity is also known as dynamic
viscosity.
Units: N.s/m2 or kg/m/s
Typical values:
Water = 1.14x10-3 kg/m/s; Air = 1.78x10-5 kg/m/s
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
• The viscosity is a function only of the condition of the fluid, particularly its
temperature.
• The magnitude of the velocity gradient (du/dy) has no effect on the magnitude of .
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
Newtonian Fluids
a linear relationship between shear stress and the velocity gradient (rate
of shear),
the slope is constant
the viscosity is constant
non-Newtonian fluids
slope of the curves for non-Newtonian fluids varies
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
Kinematic viscosity,
Definition: is the ratio of the viscosity to the density;
/
• will be found to be important in cases in which significant viscous and
gravitational forces exist.
Units: m2/s
Typical values:
Water = 1.14x10-6 m2/s; Air = 1.46x10-5 m2/s;
In general,
viscosity of liquids with temperature, whereas
Specific Weight
Since = m/
therefore = g (1.3)
Units: N/m3
Typical values:
Water = 9814 N/m3; Air = 12.07 N/m3
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
Specific Gravity
The specific gravity (or relative density) can be defined in two ways:
Definition 1: A ratio of the density of a liquid to the density of
water at standard temperature and pressure (STP)
(20C, 1 atm), or
Definition 2: A ratio of the specific weight of a liquid to the
specific weight of water at standard temperature
and pressure (STP) (20C, 1 atm),
liquid liquid
SG
water @ STP water @ STP
Unit: dimensionless.
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
Example 1.2
A reservoir of oil has a mass of 825 kg. The reservoir has a volume
of 0.917 m3. Compute the density, specific weight, and specific
gravity of the oil.
Solution:
mass m 825
oil 900kg / m3
volume 0.917
weight mg
oil g 900 x 9.81 8829 N / m 3
volume
oil 900
SGoil 0.9
w@ STP 998
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
This force must be balance with the difference between the internal
pressure pi and the external pressure pe acting on the circular area of the
cut. Thus,
2R = pR2
p = pi –pe = 2
R
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
Summary
This chapter has summarized on the aspect below:
Understanding concept of a fluid
Ways to visualise the flows and the continuity nature of
the fluid flow
Fluid properties of density, specific weight, specific
gravity and viscosity were discussed.
a Newtonian fluid against a non-Newtonian fluid, an in-
viscid flow against a viscous flow, and a wetted surface
against a non-wetted surface.
Discussion on the surface tension and vapour pressure
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia
Faculty of Engineering and
Technical Studies
Thank You
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Subject Matter Expert/Author: Assoc Prof Dr Shahrir Abdullah Copyright © ODL Jan 2005 Open University Malaysia