Computer-Aided Design

Computer-Aided Design (CAD)

Use of computer systems to assist
in the creation, modification,
analysis, and optimization of a
design
Typical tools:
 Tolerance analysis
 Mass property calculations
 Finite-element modeling and
visualization
Defines the geometry of the design
Computer-Aided Manufacturing
(CAM)
Use of computer systems to
plan, manage, and control
manufacturing operations
Direct or indirect computer
interface with the plant’s
production resources
Numerical control of machine
tools
Programming of robots
Computer-Aided Engineering
(CAE)
Use of computer systems to
analyze CAD geometry
Allows designer to simulate
and study how the product
will behave, allowing for
optimization
Finite-element method
(FEM)
 Divides model into
interconnected elements
 Solves continuous field
problems
Computer-Aided Design Process
Two types of activities: synthesis and
analysis
Synthesis is largely qualitative and hard to
capture on computer
Analysis can be greatly enhanced with
computers
Once analysis is complete, design
evaluation- rapid prototyping
Software packages for design optimization
Components of CAD/CAM/CAE
Systems
Major component is hardware
and software allowing shape
manipulation
Hardware includes graphic
devices and their peripherals
for input and output
operations
Software includes packages
that manipulate or analyze
shapes according to user
interaction
Components of CAD/CAM/CAE
Systems
 Hardware Components
Graphic device is composed of a display
processing unit, a display device, and one or
more input devices
Input devices:
 Mouse
 Space ball
 Data tablet with a puck or stylus
 Keyboard
Output Devices:
 Plotters
 Color laser printers
Hardware Configuration #1
 Hardware Configuration #1
Requires a big initial
investment for
hardware and software
Slow system response
times

Maintenance of
mainframe is
expensive Updating operating
systems is difficult
Hardware Configuration #2
Hardware Configuration #2

Widely used; trend

Engineering
toward distributed
workstations connected
computing
in a networked
environment

Initial investment is
User can choose smaller than
appropriate configuration #1
workstation on a task
by task basis
 Hardware Configuration #3

Popular with Same as the second,

small companies except engineering
workstations are replaced
by personal computers
running Microsoft Windows

Popular with companies

whose main purpose is Distinction between
to generate drawings configurations 2 and 3
with their becoming blurred as
CAD/CAM/CAE systems personal computers
evolve
 Software Components
CAD software allows the designer to
create and manipulate a shape
interactively and store it
CAM software plans, manages and
controls the operations of a manufacturing
site
CAE software analyzes design geometry,
allowing designer to study product
behavior
Windows-Based CAD Systems
User interface is similar to Windows
Employs component technology, in which
best key software elements are selected
from among available software
Use object-oriented technology, which
modularizes the program
Capable of either parametric or variational
modeling
Internet support
 Rapid Prototyping
Layer by layer fabrication of
three-dimensional physical
models from CAD
Fast and inexpensive
alternative for producing
prototypes and functional
models
Rapid Prototyping
has surgical
Build parts in thin layers
applications Minimum operation time;
typically runs unattended
Medical Modeling - Zcorp
Rapid Prototyping Cycle
 Rapid Prototyping Cycle
.STL is standard file format
for all U.S. rapid
prototyping systems
Preprocessing prepares
.STL file for various rapid
prototyping systems
Build process can last
from a few hours to
several days
Post processing: removal
of part from machine,
support removal, sanding
Rapid Prototyping Process
(Damvig)
“A computer-controlled laser beam
is scanned across the surface of a
vat of liquid photopolymer,
instantly solidifying the liquid at
each point of contact. Using data
generated from a CAD file,
individual cross-sections of the
three-dimensional geometry are
solidified in turn to build up a solid
part layer by layer. In this way
even highly complex geometries
can be built in a few hours without
requiring any tools. “
 Translations: vector notation
Use vector for the notation:
 makes things simpler
A point is a vector:
x 
y 
 
A translation is merely a vector sum:
P’ = P + T
 Scaling in 2D

Coordinates multiplied by the scaling

factor:
• x’ = sx x
• y’ = sy y

Before After
Scaling in 2D, matrix notation
Scaling is a matrix multiplication:
P’ = SP

x  sx 0 x 

     
y  0 sy y 
 Rotating in 2D

New coordinates depend on both x and y

• x’ = cosqx - sinq y
• y’ = sinqx + cosq y

Before After
Rotating in 2D, matrix notation
A rotation is a matrix multiplication:
P’=RP

x  cos q  sin q x 

y  sin q 
cos q y 
  
2D transformations, summary
Vector-matrix notation simplifies writing:
 translation is a vector sum
 rotation and scaling are matrix-vector multiplication
I would like a consistent notation:
 that expresses all three identically
 that expresses combination of these also identically
How to do this?
Homogeneous coordinates

Introduced in mathematics:
 for projections and drawings
 used in artillery, architecture
 used to be classified material (in the 1850s)
Add a third coordinate, w x 
A 2D point is a 3 coordinates vector: y 
 

w 

Homogeneous coordinates (2)
Two points are equal if and only if:
x’/w’ = x/w and y’/w’= y/w
w=0: points at infinity
 useful for projections and curve drawing
Homogenize = divide by w.
Homogenized points:
x 
y 
 

1 

Translations with homogeneous

x  1

y  0
0 t x x 
     t x
x 
w 
x
w
   1 t y y 

   t y

w 
 
0 0 1 
w
 y  y
w  w

x  x  wt x

y  y  wt y

w  w
 Scaling with homogeneous

x  sx

y  0
0 0x 
    s
x 
w 
x
x w
   sy 0y 

  s

w 
 
0 0 1

w 
 y  y
w  y w
x  sx x

y  sy y

w  w
 Rotation with homogeneous
x  cos q  sin q 0x 
y  sin q cos q 0y 
     xw cos q wx  sin q y

w 
 
 0 0 1

w 
 y  w

w  sin q w  cos q

x y
w

x  cos qx  sin q y


y sin qx  cos q y

w  w
Composition of transformations
To compose transformations, multiply the
matrices:
 composition of a rotation and a translation:
M = RT
all transformations can be expressed as
matrices
 even transformations that are not translations,
rotations and scaling
 Rotation around a point Q
Rotation about a point Q:
 translate Q to origin (TQ),
 rotate about origin (RQ)
 translate back to Q (- TQ).

P’=(-TQ)RQTQ P
 Beware!

Matrix multiplication is not commutative

The order of the transformations is vital
 Rotation followed by translation is very different
from translation followed by rotation
 careful with the order of the matrices!
Small commutativity:
 rotation commute with rotation, translation with
translation…
 From World to Window

Inside the application:

 application model
 coordinates related to the model
 possibly floating point
On the screen:
 pixel coordinates
 integer
 restricted viewport: umin/umax, vmin/vmax
 From Model to Viewport
ymax

ymin

xmin xmax
 From Model to Viewport
Model is (xmin,ymin)-(xmax,ymax)
Viewport is (umin,vmin)-(umax,vmax)
Translate by (-xmin,-ymin)
Scale by
umax-umin vmax-vmin
( xmax-xmin ,
Translate by (umin,vmin)ymax-ymin )

M = T’ST
 From Model to Viewport

Pixel Coordinates

u  x 
Model Coordinates

v  M y 

   

w 
 
w 

 Mouse position: inverse
problem
Mouse click: coordinates in pixels
We want the equivalent in World Coord
 because the user has selected an object
 to draw something
 for interaction
How can we convert from window
coordinates to model coordinates?
 Mouse click: inverse problem
Simply inverse the matrix:

1 1
M  (T ST)
Model Coordinates
Pixels coordinates
x  u 
y  M 1 v 
   

w 
 
w

2D transformations: conclusion
Simple, consistent matrix notation
 using homogeneous coordinates
 all transformations expressed as matrices
Used by the window system:
 for conversion from model to window
 for conversion from window to model
Used by the application:
 for modeling transformations
 Motivation for the Study of CAD
Application of CAD/CAM

Motivation for the Study of CAD

Application of CAD/CAM
• Aerospace
• Automotive
• Chemical & Process
Electrical & Electronics Examples
• Communications
Medical & Pharma Military
• Computers & IT
& Defence
•
Rail & Marine Structural &
•
Civil Apparel and Textile
•
•
• 4
• 4
 Graphics Pipeline
Real world Object

Modeling Rendering/ Viewing

Transformations Shading Transformations

Geometrical Model Visual Realism Orthographic/

Perspective Clipping

Display Rasterization PR
POroJjeEcC
tiT
onIO
sN

Graphics Pipeline

Theme of the Course

•Starting from geometric concepts we proceed to compute
something in several steps as:
Geometry -> Algebra -> Algorithm -> Program
Ex: Circle -> implicit/parametric equation->Smith’s algorithm->computer
implementation in C/C++/MATLAB (OpenGL)
x2 + y2 = 1
x = cos(t) y = sin(t)

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 The Geometric Complexity
•As algorithms are an integral part of the geometry -
> Program representations, we need to think of the
complexity involved. They are:
1.Dimensional Complexity- 1D/2D/3D
2.Analytic Complexity- Polynomials of degree 1,2,3,….
3.Combinatorial Complexity- For example, searching a sorted array of
n elements uses O(log2n) comparisons.
•4. Continuum to Discrete
•5. Precision and Errors

What is Design?

•Design, usually considered in the context of applied arts, engineering, architecture, and
other creative endeavors, is used both as a noun and a verb.
•As a verb, "to design" refers to the process of originating and developing a plan for a
product, structure, system, or component.
•As a noun, "a design" is used for both the final (solution) plan (e.g. proposal, drawing,
model, description) or the result of implementing that plan (e.g. object produced, result
of the process). More recently, processes (in general) have also been treated as products
of design, giving new meaning to the term "process design” 4
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 Some Popular Design Approaches
•User-centered design, which focuses on the needs, wants, and
limitations of the end user of the designed artifact.
•Use-centered design, which focuses on the goals and tasks
associated with the use of the artifact, rather than focusing on the
end user.
•KISS principle, (Keep it Simple, Stupid), which strives to eliminate
unnecessary complications
•There is more than one way to do it (TMTOWTDI), a philosophy to
allow multiple methods of doing the same thing
•Murphy's Law (things will go wrong in any given situation, if you
give them a chance)

What is Design?
Design is an Iterative Process (Ohsuga 1989)

Build Model
Requirement

Analyse / Evaluate Modify / Refine Model 1

Model 2 Modify / Refine Analyse / Evaluate

Generate information for
CAPP planning and manufacture Model n

NC / CNC PRODUCT

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The Design Process – An Engineering Activity
1. Need
2. Concept
3. Modeling and Simulation
4. Analysis – FEM (Geometrical Data)
5. Optimize – Shape / Structure / Topology
6. Evaluate – testing / Inspection / Comparison
7. Communicate – prepare drawings and details

Taking assistance of Computers in Design

1.Manual Design
2.Geometric Models and Graphics
3.Move / Animate / Visualise
4.Use Analysis tools and software
5.Optimize – Maximize / minimize the objective functions:
Structure, Shape, Topology
6.Evaluate – test and checkManage/Control
Generate information the model Communicate

7.Communicate – Drafting and detailing

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Definition of CAD
Computer aided Design is a subprocess of Design
process
Computer Network
Gra hics
CAM
CAD Manufacturing CAD
Design Engi Geometric
eering Modeling

Computer Aided Design

1.CAD Technology = Design Techniques + Computers
(HW+SW)
2.The CAD Process is the subset of the Design process
3.The CAM Process is a subset of Manufacturing Process
4.Integration of CAD and CAM leads to automation

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Steps in CAM activity
Geometric Model

Interfacing

NC Programs CAPP

Inspection

Assembly Packaging

Graphics Standards
Many Graphics Standards have been in use. The real issue with
choosing the standards is portability and device independence.
•BGI
•GKS
•PHIGS
•OpenGL

A ray tracing Example

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