A

Power point persentation

On
ELECTRO CARDIO GRAM

2018-2019

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Mr. ravindra panchariya Madan lal dewasi
Department of EICE 15EEBEI026
B.Tech 4th year EICE

Govt. engineering college Bikaner

WHAT IS ECG ?
 ECG stands for Electrocardiogram.
 It refers to a test that is performed to check the
electrical activity of the heart.
 The normal electrical activity indicates that the
heart is working normally.
 ECG records the electrical impulses when the
heart is beating. These impulses are recorded
on a moving strip of paper or on a screen
 it shows heart's electrical activity as line
tracings on paper.
What is ECG machine signal waves ?
 The spikes and dips that appear in the tracings are called waves.

 ECG has several types of waves to show fluctuation of heart

beating
Type of ECG machine waves
 P Wave: It is the first upward movement of the ECG tracing. It
shows the electrical activity of the upper hear chambers.

 QRS Complex: It consists of three waves that begin with a

downward deflection (Q) then a large upward deflection (R), and
then a downwards S wave. It shows the electrical activity of the
lower heart chambers.

 ST Segment: It appears as a straight line when the ventricle

contracts without any electrical impulse.

 T Wave: It is a modest upwards wave that represents ventricular

repolarization, i.e. when the lower heart chambers are preparing
for next muscle contraction.
How ECG works ?
 Electrical impulse (wave of depolarisation) picked up by
placing electrodes on patient

 The voltage change is sensed by measuring the current

change across 2 electrodes

 a positive electrode and a negative electrode

 If the electrical impulse travels towards the positive

electrode this results in a positive deflection

 If the impulse travels away from the positive electrode this

results in a negative deflection
Electrodes and leads
 Electrodes are the actual conductive pads attached to the
body surface.
 Any pair of electrodes can measure the electrical potential
difference between the two corresponding locations of
attachment. Such a pair forms a lead.
 Leads can also be formed between a physical electrode and
a virtual electrode, known as the Wilson's central terminal,
whose potential is defined as the average potential measured
by three limb electrodes that are attached to the right arm,
the left arm, and the left foot, respectively.
 Commonly, 10 electrodes attached to the body are used to
form 12 ECG leads, with each lead measuring a specific
electrical potential difference
Continue..
Where to put electrode
The 10 electrodes in a 12-lead ECG are listed below.[21]

Electrode name Electrode placement

 RA On the right arm, avoiding thick muscle.
 LA In the same location where RA was placed, but on
the left arm.
 RL On the right leg, lower end of inner aspect of calf
muscle. (Avoid bony prominences)
 LL In the same location where RL was placed, but on
the left leg.
 V1 In the fourth intercostal space (between ribs 4 and
5) just to the right of the sternum (breastbone).
 V2 In the fourth intercostal space (between ribs 4 and
5) just to the left of the sternum.
 V3 Between leads V2 and V4.
 V4 In the fifth intercostal space (between ribs 5 and 6)
in the mid-clavicular line.
 V5 Horizontally even with V4, in the left anterior axillary
line.
 V6 Horizontally even with V4 and V5 in the mid-axillary
line.
Scope of ECG machine
ECG can detect various heart-related problems, some are listed
below;
 A heart attack in the past (myocardial infarction)
 Abnormal heart rhythms
 Cause of unexplained chest pain
 Enlargement of one side of the heart
 Thickness of the walls of the heart chambers
 Restricted blood supply to heart due to cholesterol deposits
 To check the performance of implants like pacemaker
Thank you