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DESIGN
OF
PRESSURE VESSEL
Submitted To:
Dr. J. B. Upadhyay
Prof. Dairy Engineering Deptt.
SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand,
AAU.
Submitted By:
Anil R. Chaudhari
Reg. no. 0417452011
TOPIC TO BE COVERED…..
Introduction
Constructional features
Material of construction
Example of Solid walled Vessel
Conclusion
WHAT IS PRESSURE VESSEL?
These vessels are generally used as redactors,
separators or receivers and heat exchangers. Most of the
batch reactors used for high pressure works are termed
as autoclaves.
They are vessel with an integral bottom and a
removable top head, and are generally provided with an
inlet, heating and cooling system and very often an
agitator system.
Separators for high pressure work are also
vessels with an inlet and in some cases a centrifugal
device for separating the gas from the liquid. High
pressure heat exchangers are of concentric tube type.
CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
High pressure vessels are used for pressure range of
20 N/mm2 to a maximum of 300 N/mm2. These are
essentially thick walled cylindrical vessels, ranging in size
form small tubes to several meters diameters.
Both the size of the vessel and the pressure involved
will dictate the types of construction used. Following are
the types of construction.
1. A solid walled vessel produced by forging or
boring a solid rod or metal.
Solid walled vessel: (a) Shell, (b) Cover,
(c) Gasket, (d) Thermometer pocket
2. A cylinder formed by bending a sheet of metal
with a longitudinal weld.
3. A vessel built up by wrapping a series of
sheets of relatively thin metal tightly round one
another over a core tube, and holding each sheet
with a longitudinal weld.
Rings are inserted in the ends to hold the
inner shell round while subsequent layers are
added. The inner cylinder in 6 to 12 mm thick,
while the subsequent layers are generally less
then 6 mm thick.
Vessel formed by wrapping of
sheets: (a) Shell, (b) Cover
4. Shrinkfit construction. It consists of
concentric cylindrical shells, fitted together by
shrinking one cylinder over the other.
The method involves heating the outer shell
in order to expand it beyond the interference on
the diameter, and then slipping it on the inner
shell while expanded. In practice it is often
desirable to make the inner most component of
some special material, for instance, a corrosion
resistant alloy.
Vessel with shrinkfit construction:
(a) Outershell, (b) Head, (c) Cover
5. A vessel built up by wire winding around a
central cylinder. The wire is wound under
tension around a cylinder of about 6 to 10 mm
thick.
Wire wound Vessel:
(a) Shell, (b) Wire, (c) Head, (d) Cover
6. A vessel built up by wrapping successive layers of
interlocking around a central linear made form a
25 to 40 mm thick plate. Spiral grooves are cut on
the surface, which is then wrapped with a tape, 65
to 85 mm wide and 6 mm thick.
The tape is also grooved so that it will interlock
with succeeding layers. The succeeding layers are
offset from the preceding ones to get a proper
interlock and produce axial strength. During
winding or tape, it is heated, so that on cooling it
will produce compressive stresses in the inner
layer, thus presenting the vessel.
During winding or tape, it is heated, so that
on cooling it will produce compressive stresses in
the inner layer, thus presenting the vessel.
Tape wound vessel:
(a) Shell, (b) Tape, (c) Cover.
7. Autofrettage: It involves the use of a solid
forged vessel, to which is applied a large internal
pressure, so as to expand the internal diameter,
causing overstrain, when the pressure is
released, the outer material will try to contract
the inner material. As a result, residual
compressive stresses are developed in the inner
material and tensile stresses in the outer
material.
MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
Ductility is an essential requirement is steel for use
as a pressure vessel and should guide the choice of steel
and its heat treatment.
1. Ni-Cr-Mo steel: These are the most common steels
used for high pressure vessels. Heat treatment is
generally oil quenching from 8500C with subsequent
tempering between 6000C and 6500C.
2. Creep resistance steels: Special creep resistance
steels which have the property of retaining their
strength at these temperatures are used above 3000C.
3. Maraging steel: These steels have been developed
recently and their main asset is that they develop their
strength as a result of age hardening which is initiated
by relatively low temperature heat treatment. A typical
steel of this type has a composition in Ni 18.5%, Mo
4.9%, Co 8.7%, Ti 0.7%, Al 0.1%. these steels can be
machine finished to final dimensions in the solution
annealed condition before heat treatment due to
negligible change in length and the low temperatures
involved.
4. Nonferrous alloys: For temperature above
5000C nonferrous alloys such as nimonic or
hastelloy are required, the latter giving superior
creep resistance. These are essentially NiCrCo
alloys. Creep however cannot be wholly avoided.
SOLID WALLED VESSEL
This type of vessel consists of a single
cylindrical shell, with closed ends. Due to high
internal pressure and large thickness the shell is
considered as a thick cylinder. In general, the
physical criteria are governed by the ratio of
diameter to wall thickness and the shell is
designed as thick cylinder, if its wall thickness
exceeds ontenth of the inside diameter.
1. Stresses in Shell
Tangential ( circumferential of hoop),
Radial and
Longitudinal (axial).
2. Application to Shell Design
a. Design Based on Tangential Stress
b. Design Based on Shear Stress
c. Design Based on Maximum Energy of Distortion
d. Strains in Shell
e. Vessels with thermal Stresses
3. Shells Formed by Bending a Sheet of Metal
with a Single Longitudinal Weld
1. Shrink Fit Construction
2. Stresses in MultiShell or Shrink Fit Construction
3. Optimum Design of Multishell Construction
CONCLUSION
As we all know the use of high pressure vessel, so
its important to construct it very carefully as well
as with maximum safety. No mistake/zero mistake
is the goal of any engineer during its fabrication,
calculation, selection, and implementation.
These equipments are not a joke to built or
fabricate it required good knowledge of material,
application of it, Calculative skill and high
experience.
Safety margin should be very high as the pressure
of this vessel not only depend on one parameter,
even one parameter can create a blast.