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APPLICATIONS OF
HYDROLOGY CE – 4G
Members:
Vincent Paul Doctor
Genesis Magat
Rose Lyn Isla
Gerome Camacho
Data Preparation
and
By: Vincent Paul
Record
Doctor Extension
Data
Preparation
It is the application of standard methods for processing and analyzing
hydrological data to prepare water resources information.
Requirements:
1. Checking the station history and / or double-mass analysis (sec. 3-
10).
2. Stream flow data can be further evaluated by checking the changes
which have occurred in the basin during the period of record.
3. In each case data should be appropriately adjusted to either current
conditions or natural conditions (sec. 4-16).
Random Errors in the Data
• Observer error
• Instrument failure
• Unnatural events
Record Extension
One of the most serious sources of error in probability estimates is
limited data (sec. 13-1).
Random term to maintain the
variance of
the flow.
�� = � + ��� +
Where: 𝑡��
Subscript x – station being estimated
Subscript y – record base from the extension
Sx – standard error of estimate of Qx
t – random normal deviate with mean zero
and unit standard deviation
Deterministic Simulation Model
If suitably long rainfall records are available (Chapter 12)
Rainfall-Runoff relation and unit
hydrograph
If only flood peaks are required, the two or three largest values
each year might be estimated.
Regression
The development of an extended rainfall record under time
periods of a month or more.
Water-Supply Reserviors and
Flood
By: Genesis P.
Regulation
Magat
WATER-SUPPLY RESERVOIRS
Irrigation
Hydroelectric power
• Firm yield is the minimum yield during the life of the
reservoir.
• Average yield is the arithmetic average of the yields
available in each year of the project life.
• Short-term reservoir is planned to operate on an
annual (or shorter) cycle.
• Long-term reservoir is intended to carry water over
two or more years to cope with longdroughts.
STEPS IN ANALYSIS OF THE
RESERVOIR:
1. Determination of the area-elevation and volume-elevation curves
for the site.
2. It is also necessary to have an estimate of the required yield to
meet the purpose of the reservoir.
3. It is usually necessary to estimate the usable storage.
• Usable storage commonly taken as equal to the total
storage less than the volume required to store the
sediment accumulation during the life of the project.
Other factors may sometimes control.
• Critical period the base of traditional estimate of
yield, usually it is the driest period in historic record.
No meaningful estimate of probability can be made
for such a critical period.
SHORT-TERM RESERVOIR
• Since it completes a storage cycle annually or more frequently , there
should be a prove to be an adequate data base to stimulate the
performance of the reservoir. The time increment for this stimulation
should be no longer than 1 month, and in some cases, daily
increment should be used.
SHORT-TERM RESERVOIR
• Illustrative example 16-1:An
offstream reservoir is to be built
adjacent to Antietam Creek near
Sharpsburg, Md. It will be filled by
diversion in a canal with 200 cfs
capacity. Using the data of Fig. 4-15,
determine the yield of the reservoir
during water year 1971 and the yield
which would be assumed if monthly
and annual data were used in the
analysis. Ignore evaporation and
seepage loss.
SHORT-TERM RESERVOIR
Illustrative example 16-1:
• Summing the daily flows taking only 200 cfs when the flow equals or exceeds that
value gives a total yield of 67, 789 cfs-days. If monthly mean flows are used, the
yield appears to be 69, 002 cfs-days (1.7 percent high). The annual data suggest
that the yield is 200 x 365 = 73, 000 cfs-days (7.5 percent high).
SHORT-TERM RESERVOIR
• storage model is used to compute the yield of the reservoir each year.
• Yield = inflow – evaporation + precipitation – releases
• Yield = withdrawals + change in storage
LONG-TERM RESERVOIRS
• Have sufficient storage capacity to meet demands during periods of
two or more dry years. Annual probability is not adequate.
• Generally this problem is best solved by stochastic methods and the
hydrologic question is “ What is the probability of a drought leading
to a deficits during the project life?” or “ How large should the
reservoir be to make the probability of the deficit small enough to be
acceptable.”
To accomplish this it is suggested
that the
1. Extend the available flow record for the longest possible
following
period. steps be followed:
2. Determine the parameters for a suitable stochastic model.
3. Generate a large number (say 1000) of stream flow
sequences, each sequence having a length equal to the
expected useful life of the reservoir (20 to 100 years).
4. Estimate the project water demand including any changes
expected during the project life.
5. Use a simple algorithm such as the sequent peak algorithm
to determine the storage required to meet the demand for
each sequence.
6. Construct a reliability function for the reservoir and select
a capacity offering an acceptable level of reliability.
Sequent peak algorithm: