Equilibrium 3 SOLUBILITY

AN INTRODUCTION TO
SOLUBILITY
PRODUCTS
2015
SPECIFICATIONS
SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS
CONTENTS
• Solubility of ionic compounds
• Saturated solutions
• Solubility products
• Calculations
• Common Ion Effect
SOLUBILITY OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
• ionic compounds tend to be insoluble in non-polar solvents

• ionic compounds tend to be soluble in water
• water is a polar solvent and stabilises the separated ions
SOLUBILITY OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
• ionic compounds tend to be insoluble in non-polar solvents

• ionic compounds tend to be soluble in water
• water is a polar solvent and stabilises the separated ions
• some ionic compounds are very insoluble (AgCl, PbSO4, PbS)

• even soluble ionic compounds have a limit as to how much dissolves
SATURATED SOLUTIONS
• solutions become saturated when solute no longer dissolves in a solvent

• solubility varies with temperature
• most solutes are more soluble at higher temperatures
SATURATED SOLUTIONS

Ionic crystal lattices can dissociate

(break up) when placed in water. The
ions separate as they are stabilised
by polar water molecules.
SATURATED SOLUTIONS

Ionic crystal lattices can dissociate Eventually, no more solute dissolves

(break up) when placed in water. The and the solution becomes saturated.
by polar water molecules. There is a limit to the concentration
of ions in solution.
SATURATED SOLUTIONS

Ionic crystal lattices can dissociate Eventually, no more solute dissolves

(break up) when placed in water. The and the solution becomes saturated.
by polar water molecules. There is a limit to the concentration
of ions in solution.
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
Even the most insoluble ionic compounds dissolve to a small extent.

An equilibrium exists between the undissolved solid and its aqueous ions;
(i) MX(s) M+(aq) + X¯(aq)
(ii) BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
(iii) PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq)
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
Even the most insoluble ionic compounds dissolve to a small extent.

An equilibrium exists between the undissolved solid and its aqueous ions;
(i) MX(s) M+(aq) + X¯(aq)
(ii) BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
(iii) PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq)
Applying the equilibrium law to (i) and assuming the concentration of

MX(s) is constant in a saturated solution.
[M+(aq)] [X¯(aq)] = a constant, Ksp

[ ] is the concentration in mol dm-3
Ksp is known as the SOLUBILITY PRODUCT

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl¯(aq) Ksp = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]
BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) Ksp = [Ba2+(aq)] [SO42-(aq)]
PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq) Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]2
Notice that the concentration of Cl¯(aq) is raised to the

power of 2 because there are two Cl¯(aq) ions in the equation
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
Notice that the concentration of Cl¯(aq) is raised to the power of 2
Complete the equilibrium equation and write an expression for Ksp for…
PbS(s) Pb2+(aq) + S2-(aq) Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [S2-(aq)]
Fe(OH)2(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) Ksp = [Fe2+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]2

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
Units The value of Ksp has units and it varies with temperature
AgCl Ksp = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)] units of… mol2 dm-6
BaSO4 Ksp = [Ba2+(aq)] [SO42-(aq)] mol2 dm-6
PbCl2 Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]2 mol3 dm-9

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
Work out the units of Ksp for the following…
PbS Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [S2-(aq)]
Fe(OH)2 Ksp = [Fe2+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]2
Fe(OH)3 Ksp = [Fe3+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]3

SOLUBILITY PRODUCT
Work out the units of Ksp for the following…
PbS Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [S2-(aq)] mol2 dm-6
Fe(OH)2 Ksp = [Fe2+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]2 mol3 dm-9
Fe(OH)3 Ksp = [Fe3+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]3 mol4 dm-12

CALCULATIONS
Solubility products can be used to calculate the solubility of compounds.
At 25°C the solubility product of lead(II) sulphide, PbS is 4 x 10-28 mol2 dm-6.
Calculate the solubility of lead(II) sulphide.
CALCULATIONS
The equation for its solubility is PbS(s) Pb2+(aq) + S2-(aq)

CALCULATIONS
The expression for the solubility product is Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [S2-(aq)]

CALCULATIONS
According to the equation, you get one Pb2+(aq) for

every one S2-(aq); the concentrations will be equal [Pb2+(aq)] = [S2-(aq)]
Substituting and rewriting the expression for Ksp Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)]2

CALCULATIONS

Re-arranging; [Pb2+(aq)] = Ksp = 4 x 10-28 = 2 x 10-14 mol dm-3

CALCULATIONS

As you get one Pb2+ from one PbS, the solubility of PbS = 2 x 10-14 mol dm-3
CALCULATIONS

Mr for PbS is 239; the solubility is 239 x 2 x 10-14 g dm-3 = 5.78 x 10-12 g dm-3
[mass = moles x molar mass]
CALCULATIONS

Mr for PbS is 239; the solubility is 239 x 2 x 10-14 g dm-3 = 5.78 x 10-12 g dm-3
[mass = moles x molar mass]
CALCULATIONS
The solubility of ionic compound MY at 25°C is 5 x 10-10 g dm-3 . The relative

mass of MY is 200. Calculate the solubility product of the salt MY at 25°C.
CALCULATIONS

Solubility of MY in mol dm-3 = solubility in g = 5 x 10-10 g dm-3

molar mass 200
CALCULATIONS


molar mass 200
= 2.5 x 10-12 mol dm-3

CALCULATIONS


molar mass 200
= 2.5 x 10-12 mol dm-3
The equation for its solubility is MY(s) M+(aq) + Y-(aq)

CALCULATIONS


molar mass 200
= 2.5 x 10-12 mol dm-3
The expression for the solubility product is Ksp = [M+(aq)] [Y-(aq)]

CALCULATIONS


molar mass 200
= 2.5 x 10-12 mol dm-3
According to
the equation; moles of M+(aq) = moles of Y-(aq) = moles of dissolved MY(s)
CALCULATIONS


molar mass 200
= 2.5 x 10-12 mol dm-3
According to
Substituting values Ksp = [2.5 x 10-12 ] [2.5 x 10-12 ]
The value of the solubility product Ksp = 6.25 x 10-24 mol2 dm-6
CALCULATIONS


molar mass 200
= 2.5 x 10-12 mol dm-3
According to
Substituting values Ksp = [2.5 x 10-12 ] [2.5 x 10-12 ]
The value of the solubility product Ksp = 6.25 x 10-24 mol2 dm-6
THE COMMON ION EFFECT
Adding a common ion, (one which is present in the solution), will result in the
precipitation of a sparingly soluble ionic compound.
eg Adding a solution of sodium chloride to a saturated solution of

silver chloride will result in the precipitation of silver chloride.

Adding the ionic compound MA to a

solution of MX increases the
concentration of M+(aq). M+(aq) is a
common ion as it is already in solution.

Adding the ionic compound MA to a The extra M+ ions means that the
solution of MX increases the solubility product is exceeded. To
concentration of M+(aq). M+(aq) is a reduce the value of [M+(aq)][X-(aq)]
common ion as it is already in solution. below the Ksp, some ions are removed
from solution by precipitating.

Silver chloride dissociates in water as follows AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl¯(aq)
The solubility product at 25°C is Ksp = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]
= 1.2 x 10-10 mol2 dm-6
If the value of the solubility product is exceeded, precipitation will occur.


Silver chloride dissociates in water as follows AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl¯(aq)
The solubility product at 25°C is Ksp = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]
= 1.2 x 10-10 mol2 dm-6
If the value of the solubility product is exceeded, precipitation will occur.
The value can be exceeded by adding EITHER of the two soluble ions.
If sodium chloride solution is added, the concentration of Cl¯(aq) will increase and
precipitation will occur.
Likewise, addition of silver nitrate solution AgNO3(aq) would produce the same
effect as it would increase the concentration of Ag+(aq).
If equal volumes of AgNO3 (2 x 10-5 mol dm-3) and NaCl (2 x 10-5 mol dm-3)
solutions are mixed, will AgCl be precipitated? Ksp = 1.2 x10-10 mol2 dm-6
• in AgNO3 the concentration of Ag+ is 2 x 10-5 mol dm-3
in NaCl the concentration of Cl¯ is 2 x 10-5 mol dm-3

• when equal volumes are mixed, the concentrations are halved

[Ag+] = 1 x 10-5 mol dm-3 [Cl¯] = 1 x 10-5 mol dm-3

• [Ag+] [Cl¯] = [1 x 10-5 mol dm-3] x [1 x 10-5 mol dm-3] = 1 x 10-10 mol2 dm-6

• because this is lower than the Ksp for AgCl... NO PRECIPITATION OCCURS

• because this is lower than the Ksp for AgCl... NO PRECIPITATION OCCURS
AN INTRODUCTION TO
SOLUBILITY
PRODUCTS
THE END
© 2015 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING

Equilibrium 3 SOLUBILITY

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AN INTRODUCTION TO

• ionic compounds tend to be insoluble in non-polar solvents

• ionic compounds tend to be insoluble in non-polar solvents

• some ionic compounds are very insoluble (AgCl, PbSO4, PbS)

• solutions become saturated when solute no longer dissolves in a solvent

• solutions become saturated when solute no longer dissolves in a solvent

Ionic crystal lattices can dissociate

• solutions become saturated when solute no longer dissolves in a solvent

Ionic crystal lattices can dissociate Eventually, no more solute dissolves

• solutions become saturated when solute no longer dissolves in a solvent

Ionic crystal lattices can dissociate Eventually, no more solute dissolves

Even the most insoluble ionic compounds dissolve to a small extent.

Even the most insoluble ionic compounds dissolve to a small extent.

Applying the equilibrium law to (i) and assuming the concentration of

[M+(aq)] [X¯(aq)] = a constant, Ksp

Ksp is known as the SOLUBILITY PRODUCT

AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl¯(aq) Ksp = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]

BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) Ksp = [Ba2+(aq)] [SO42-(aq)]

PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq) Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]2

Notice that the concentration of Cl¯(aq) is raised to the

AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl¯(aq) Ksp = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]

BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) Ksp = [Ba2+(aq)] [SO42-(aq)]

PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq) Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]2

Notice that the concentration of Cl¯(aq) is raised to the power of 2

PbS(s) Pb2+(aq) + S2-(aq) Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [S2-(aq)]

Fe(OH)2(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) Ksp = [Fe2+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]2

Fe(OH)3(s) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH¯(aq) Ksp = [Fe3+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]3

AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl¯(aq) Ksp = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]

BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) Ksp = [Ba2+(aq)] [SO42-(aq)]

PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq) Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]2

Notice that the concentration of Cl¯(aq) is raised to the power of 2

PbS(s) Pb2+(aq) + S2-(aq) Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [S2-(aq)]

Fe(OH)2(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) Ksp = [Fe2+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]2

Fe(OH)3(s) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH¯(aq) Ksp = [Fe3+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]3

AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl¯(aq) Ksp = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]

BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) Ksp = [Ba2+(aq)] [SO42-(aq)]

PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq) Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]2

Notice that the concentration of Cl¯(aq) is raised to the power of 2

PbS(s) Pb2+(aq) + S2-(aq) Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [S2-(aq)]

Fe(OH)2(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) Ksp = [Fe2+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]2

Fe(OH)3(s) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH¯(aq) Ksp = [Fe3+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]3

AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl¯(aq) Ksp = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]

BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) Ksp = [Ba2+(aq)] [SO42-(aq)]

PbCl2(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl¯(aq) Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]2

Notice that the concentration of Cl¯(aq) is raised to the power of 2

PbS(s) Pb2+(aq) + S2-(aq) Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [S2-(aq)]

Fe(OH)2(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2OH¯(aq) Ksp = [Fe2+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]2

Fe(OH)3(s) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH¯(aq) Ksp = [Fe3+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]3

AgCl Ksp = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)] units of… mol2 dm-6

BaSO4 Ksp = [Ba2+(aq)] [SO42-(aq)] mol2 dm-6

PbCl2 Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]2 mol3 dm-9

AgCl Ksp = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)] units of… mol2 dm-6

BaSO4 Ksp = [Ba2+(aq)] [SO42-(aq)] mol2 dm-6

PbCl2 Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]2 mol3 dm-9

Work out the units of Ksp for the following…

PbS Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [S2-(aq)]

Fe(OH)2 Ksp = [Fe2+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]2

Fe(OH)3 Ksp = [Fe3+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)]3

AgCl Ksp = [Ag+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)] units of… mol2 dm-6

BaSO4 Ksp = [Ba2+(aq)] [SO42-(aq)] mol2 dm-6

PbCl2 Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [Cl¯(aq)]2 mol3 dm-9

Work out the units of Ksp for the following…

PbS Ksp = [Pb2+(aq)] [S2-(aq)] mol2 dm-6