CHARACTERISTICS OF

THE POWER SUPPLY

STARTING METHODS:

- Direct-on-line
- Star - delta
- Series - parallel
- Autotransformer starter
- Electronic by soft - starter
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POWER SUPPLY
DIRECT-ON-LINE
 Ideal
 Limited by the electricity supplying companies (utilities) due to voltage variation
problems in the power supply which can affect other users
 Motor protection becomes more expensive
STAR - DELTA START
 Used on applications having low torque loads or no load starts
 The motor must have 6 wires
 The starting current and starting torque are reduced from 25 to 33% of their values
 Double voltage, being the second voltag times the first
Ip / In Cp / Cn
6 (a)

4 (b) (a) Current at delta

3 (b) Torque at delta

(c) (c) Current at star
2
(d) (d) Torque at star
1
(e) (e) Resistant torque

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % speed
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POWER SUPPLY
SERIES-PARALLEL START
 Motor must be suitable to be reconnected to two voltages, that is, the lower
one equal to the power supply and the other one two times higher
 The motor must have 9 wires
 The more common rated voltage is 220/440 V
 During the start, motor is connected for the series method until it reaches its rated
voltage, and then it is switched to the parallel method.

AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER

 Motor starts with load

 Reduces the starting current, avoiding overload in the circuit
 The voltage in the compensator switch is reduced by an autotransformer
 Taps of the autotransformer : 50, 65 e 80% (most usual)
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POWER SUPPLY

VOLTAGE RATIO

1.0
0.9
K1
0.8
K2
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Um / Un
Reduction factors K1 e K2 as a function of the voltage ratio
between motor and power supply Um / Un
Example: For 85% of the rated voltage
 Il   Il   Il 
   K1 .    0.8 .  
 In  85%  In 100%  In 100%

 Tl   Tl   Tl 
   K2 .   0.66 .  
 Tn  85%  Tn 100%  Tn 100%
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POWER SUPPLY
Example of the performance characteristics of a 320 kW, 6 pole
motor, when it starts with 85% of the voltage
Torque in percentage of the rated torque

Current relation
200 6
1
5
2
4
100 3 3
4 2
1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%

Relation in percentage of the synchronous speed

Curves:
Il Il
1) ( Un ) 2) ( 85% Un )
In In
Tl Tl
3) ( Un ) 4) ( 85% Un )
Tn Tn
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE POWER SUPPLY
ELECTRONIC START BY SOFT-
STARTER

 Smooth starting method

 Only voltage control ( 25 to 90% of the rated voltage)
 Acceleration time is adjustable
 ACCELERATION
CHARACTERISTICS
TORQUE X SPEED CURVE:

Torque (%)

Tmax
Tl
Tmin

Tn
100%

0
100 Speed (%)

Tmax, Tmin and Tl values are specified in IEC 34 Standard

DESIGNS:

N - Normal torques, normal starting current, low slip

H - High torques, normal starting current, low slip

 ACCELERATION
CHARACTERISTICS
TORQUE X SPEED CURVE FOR DESIGNS “N” AND “H”:

Torque (%)

300

275

200
Design H
150

100
Design N
50

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Speed (%)

 ACCELERATION
CHARACTERISTICS
MOMENT OF INERTIA:

It is the resistance that a body offers to a change on its rotating movement

The moment of inertia shall be referred to the motor shaft:

2
n 
J LS  J L . L  [ k gm2 ]
 n 
MOMENT OF IMPULSE:

It is given by the following equation:

GD2  4 J L [ kgm2 ]

Moment of Inertia at
different speeds

Motor
n
Jm
Load
nL JL
 ACCELERATION
CHARACTERISTICS
STARTING CURRENT:

Maximum values are specified in IEC 34 Standard in

kVA / kW

kVA 3 . Ip .V

kW P ( k W ) . 1000
 RATED
CHARACTERISTICS
MOTOR USEFUL LIFE:

- The motor useful life is based on the insulation

- An increase of 10 degrees in the temperature rise, above the supportable

temperature by the insulation, reduces the useful life by half

MEASURING THE TEMPERATURE RISE:

- Obtained through Temperature Rise Test

R2  R1
T  . ( 235  T1 )  T1  Ta  T2  Ta
R1
where: R2 - Winding resistance at the end of test
R3 - Winding resistance before test
T1 - Winding temperature before test ( practically
the same for the cooling environment )
T2 - Winding temperature at the end of test
Ta - Ambient temperature at the end of test
T - Temperature rise
 RATED
CHARACTERISTICS

TYPES OF DEVICES FOR THERMAL PROTECTION:

- Thermal Protectors: bimetal type, with normally closed contact, used on single-phase
motors

- Thermostats: bimetal type, with normally closed contact

- Thermistors: Semiconductor material ( silicon ), the resistance varies with the heat
PTC - High resistance for high temperature
NTC - Low resistance for high temperature

- RTD: Calibrated Resistance

Pt - 100 Platinum 100  at 0 ºC
 SPEED CONTROL OF
INDUCTION ASYNCHRONOUS
MOTORS
SYNCHRONOUS SPEED AND RATED SPEED:

120 . f 120 . f
ns  n ( 1 s )
2p 2p

SPEED VARIATION MEANS:

- Changing the frequency

- Changing the number of poles
- Changing the slip

- Change in the frequency:

- Use of VFD’s
- Change :
a) 6 to 30 Hz - Loss of cooling
30 to 60 Hz - Standard motors
6 to 60 Hz - Depends on the driven load

b) Above 60 Hz - Field reduction

 HAZARDOUS
LOCATIONS

EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE:

An atmosphere is considered explosive when the amount of

gas, steam or dust in the atmosphere is such that a spark
coming from an electric circuit or the heating of an equipment
can cause an explosion
 DISMANTLE OF THE MOTORS

STANDARD ATEX
Bushing Line + Terminal Block (90 to 100)
Bushing Insulator (112 to 355)

Intermediate
base