Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Jegatheesan
Professor, EEE Department
SRM University
1
15EE304 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
2
UNIT I – POWER SYSTEM OVERVIEW (9 hours)
Bus classification, Formulation of Power Flow problems, Power flow solution using
Gauss Seidel method, Handling of Voltage controlled buses, Power Flow Solution by
Newton Raphson method, Fast Decoupled Power Flow Solution.
3
UNIT IV – UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS (9 hours)
Introduction to stability studies, Swing equation, Swing curve, Equal area criterion,
Critical clearing angle and time, Further applications of the equal-area criterion,
Classical step-by-step solution of swing curve.
TEXT BOOKS
4
REFERENCE BOOKS/OTHER READING MATERIAL
3. Nagarath I.J. and Kothari D.P. “Modern Power System Analysis”, Fourth Edition,
Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing company, New Delhi, 2011.
4. Hadi Sadat, “Power System Analysis”, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing company, New
Delhi, 2002.
Cycle test I 15%; Cycle test II 25%; Surprise Test 5%; Quiz and Assignment 5%
Cycle test - I will be conducted for 2 hour duration with the portion of first two units.
Cycle test - II will be conducted for 3 hour duration with the portion of last three
units.
5
UNIT 1 POWER SYSTEM OVERVIEW
6
POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA
Today’s power systems in India are very huge in terms of Installed capacity,
Energy generated, Transmission and Distribution system, Number of
customers and Total investment. As on Nov. 2017, installed capacity in India
exceeds 330.9 x 103 MW with annual energy generated exceeding 1361 Billion
kWh (1361 x 1012 kWh). Transmission network has AC transmission lines rated
for 220 kV, 400 kV and 765 kV along with HVDC lines rated for ± 500 kV and
± 800 kV. Operation and control of interconnected power system is really
challenging task and it cannot be done manually. Therefore power systems are
controlled by using powerful computers installed at Energy Control Centers.
The total power system in India is not being operated in totally integrated
manner. However, attempts are being made to achieve full integration.
7
There are FIVE Regional Loading Dispatching Centers as described below.
The third level of consists of state load dispatching stations in each state
capital. 8
Installed capacity in different regions as on Nov. 2017 are as follows:
9
ALL INDIA INSTALLED CAPACITY (IN MW) OF POWER STATIONS (As on Nov. 2017)
Modewise breakup
Region Grand
Coal Gas Diesel Nuclear Hydro Renewable
Total
Northern
52489 5781 0 1620 19424 12279 91593
Region
Western
68909 11059 0 1840 7448 18825 108081
Region
Southern
44382 6474 762 3320 11808 27728 94474
Region
Eastern
24672 100 0 0 4942 1027 32741
Region
North
Eastern 520 1736 36 0 1342 285 3919
Region
Islands 0 0 40 0 0 12 52
10
Power system shall operate under normal, faulty and transient conditions. In
order to have effective control of large power system, system status need be
known. For this purpose, the following basic power system analysis problems
are to be investigated.
Major components in power system that are to be modelled for different power
system problems are:
1. Synchronous generators
2. Transmission lines
3. Transformers
4. Loads 11
Synchronous generator
The stationary part which is essentially a hollow cylinder is called the stator or
armature. It has longitudinal slots in which the coils of armature winding are
placed. This winding carries the current supplied to an electrical load when it
is functioning as an individual generator. The armature winding carries the
current supplied to the system when it is synchronised to the grid.
The rotor of the synchronous generator is mounted on the shaft and rotated
inside the hollow stator. The winding on the rotor is called the field winding
and is supplied with dc current.
The very high magnetomotive force (mmf) produced by the current in the field
winding combines with the mmf produced by the current in the armature
winding. The resultant flux across the air gap between the stator and the rotor
generates voltage in the coils of the armature winding.
12
13
When the armature current is zero, the rotor flux Φf is the only one to be
considered. The flux Φf generates the no-load voltage which we shall
designate as Ef.
When the generator is loaded and supplying current Ia, the flux Φar due to
armature reaction mmf, will be in phase with the current Ia.
The sum of Φf and Φar , is the resultant flux Φr , which generates the voltage E r
in the coil winding composing phase a. The phasor diagram for phase a is
shown in Fig. 1.1. Voltages Ef and Ear lags the fluxes Φf and Φar which generate
them, by 900. The resultant flux Φr is the flux across the air gap of the machine
and generates Er in the stator. Voltage Er lags the flux Φr by 900. Similar phasor
diagram can be drawn for phase b and phase c also.
Φar
Ef
Φf Φr Ear
Er
Ia 900
Φf Φr Ear
Er
Ia 900
In Fig. 1.1 we note that Ear is lagging Φar and hence Ia by 900. Further, the
magnitude of Ear is determined by Φar which in turn is proportional to Ia.
Inductive reactance Xar is the reactance due to armature reaction effect.
Now we can define the voltage Ear , voltage due to armature reaction effect as
The voltage generated in phase a by the air gap flux is Er and it is the resultant
voltage of Ef and Ear . Thus
15
Er = Ef + Ear = Ef - j Xar Ia (1.2)
The terminal voltage V t will be less than E r by the voltage drop due to armature
current times the armature leakage reactance X ℓ if the armature resistance is
neglected, Then
Vt = Er - j Xℓ Ia (1.3)
Vt = Ef - j Xar Ia - j Xℓ Ia (1.4)
Vt = Ef – j Xs Ia (1.5)
Vt = Ef – j Xs Ia - Ra Ia = Ef – (Ra + j Xs ) Ia (1.6)
Xar Ra Ra Xs
Xℓ
+ Ia + Ia
Ef ~ Er Vt Ef ~ Vt
- -
While performing short circuit analysis for transient and sub-transient period,
the steady state reactance of the generator will be replaced by transient
reactance or sub-transient reactance of the ac generator.
While conducting power flow analysis, generators are modelled as equ ivalent
complex power injection P G + j QG.
17
Modelling of transmission lines
B B
j j
2 2
18
Modelling of transformer
+ IE + +
I1 I2 I1 +
V1 BL G a a V2 V1 a V2
- - - -
19
r1 x1 a2 r2 a2 x2 R1 X1
+ IE + +
I1 I2 I1 +
V1 BL G a a V2 V1 a V2
- - - -
R1 = r1 + a2 r2 (1.7)
and X1 = x 1 + a 2 x2 (1.8)
to obtain the equivalent circuit of Fig 1.5. All impedances and voltages in the
part of the circuit connected to the secondary terminals must now be referred
to the primary side.
20
Modelling of loads
Loads are neglected in short circuit study as the prefault currents are very
small compared to fault currents.
2
VL
Likewise, load impedance is given by z L =
PL j Q L
21
SINGLE LINE OR ONE-LINE DIAGRAM
IA
Z
EA ~
EC 0 n
EB Z Z
~ ~
IB
IC
22
A balanced three-phase system is always solved as a single-phase circuit
composed of one of the three lines and the neutral return. Single-phase circuit
of three-phase system considered above is shown in Fig. 1.7.
IA
EA
Z
~
0 n
Fig. 1.7 Single-phase circuit
~ Load
1
1 T1 T2 2
3
2
Load B
Load A
This system has two generators, one solidly grounded and the other grounded
through a resistor, that are connected to a bus 1. A transmission line is fed
through a step-up transformer installed at bus 1. A step-down transformer is
connected at the other end of the transmission line. At its low voltage side a
generator, grounded through a reactor, is connected at bus 2. Load A
and load B are connected at buses 1 and 2 respectively.
Generally, on the one-line diagram information about the loads, the ratings of
the generators and transformers, and reactances of different components of
the circuit are often given. (See Example 1.4)
24
In order to calculate the performance of a power system under load condition
or upon the occurrence of a fault, we need single-phase or per phase
equivalent circuit of the system.
Refer the one-line diagram of a sample power system shown in Fig. 1.10.
1
1
T1 T2 2
3
2
Load B
Load A
The equivalent circuits for the various components are combined to form the
per-phase impedance diagram of the system as shown in Fig. 1.11.
25
The impedance diagram does not include the current limiting impedances
shown in the one-line diagram because no current flows in the ground under
balanced condition.
~ ~ ~
+ + +
E1 ~ E2 ~ E3 ~
- -
-
Absolute values may not give the full significance of quantities. Consider the
marks scored by a student in three subjects as 10, 40 and 75. Many of you may
be tempted to say that he is poor in subject 1, average in subject 2 and good in
subject 3. That is true only when the base for all the marks is 100. If the bases
are 10, 50 and 100 for the three subjects respectively then his marks in
percentage are 100, 80 and 75. Now only, we can correctly decide about his
performance.
One consumer complained that his supply voltage is 340 V and another said
he is getting supply with 10.45 kV. We cannot immediately say who is more
severely affected. Once we know their base voltages are 400 V and 11 kV, we
find that they are getting 85 % and 95% of the standard voltage and hence the
problem of the first consumer is more severe.
In many situation, absolute values have no meaning and thus there is a need
to specify base quantities and go for per-unit quantities.
27
In many situation absolute values have no meaning and thus there is a need to
specify base quantities and go for per unit quantities.
In power system we shall deal with voltage, current, impedance and apparent
power. When they are large values, we may use kV, ampere (or kA), ohm and
kVA (or MVA) as their units. It is to be noted that out of the four quantities,
voltage, current, impedance and apparent power, if we specify two quantities,
other two quantities can be calculated.
Generally, for the power system problems, base volt-ampere in MVA and base
voltage in kV are specified.
For a single-phase system, the formulas for base current, base impedance and
per unit impedance are obtained as discussed.
28
Let us consider a single-phase system with specified base volt-ampere in MVA
and base voltage in kV.
VA base VA
We know current, A = and hence Base current, A =
voltage, V base voltage, V
Base MVA
Per-unit impedance = actual impedance x (1.14)
(Base voltage, kV)2
Now let us consider a three-phase system. For three-phase system, when base
MVA is specified, it is the three-phase MVA and the specified base voltage is
the line-to-line base voltage. Let Base MVA and Base voltage, kV are specified
for a three-phase system. Then corresponding and single-phase base MVA =
Base MVA / 3 and single-phase base voltage, kV = Base voltage, kV / 3 . Let us
use these in Eqs. (1.9), (1.11) and (1.14) and develop similar equations for
three-phase system.
Base MVA
Per-unit impedance = actual impedance x 2
(1.14)
(Base voltage, kV)
Base MVA / 3
Per-unit impedance = actual impedance X
(Base voltage, kV / 3 )2
Base MVA
Per-unit impedance = actual impedance X (1.17)
(Base voltage, kV)2
31
Thus, for three-phase system with specified base MVA and base voltage, kV
Base MVA
Per-unit impedance = actual impedance X (1.17)
(Base voltage, kV)2
32
Per-unit quantities on a different base
Base MVA
Per-unit impedance = actual impedance X (1.17)
(Base voltage, kV) 2
Let us say that it is required, to change the per-unit impedance on a given base to
per-unit impedance on a new base.
33
EXAMPLE 1.1
Solution
22 2 1.065
Base impedance 0.968 Ω ; Per-unit reactance = 1.1002
500 0.968
OR
500
Using eq. (1.17), per unit reactance 1.065 x 1.1002
222
EXAMPLE 1.2
Solution
A single phase 9.6 kVA, 500 V / 1.5 kV transformer has a leakage reactance of
1.302 Ω with respect to primary side. Find its per-unit impedance with respect
to primary and secondary sides.
Solution
0.0096
With respect to Primary: Per-unit impedance = j1.302 x j 0.05
(0.5) 2
1.5 2
With respect to Secondary: Leakage reactance = 1.302 x ( ) = 11.718 Ω
0.5
0.0096
Per-unit impedance = j11.718 x j 0.05
(1.5) 2
Conclusion
p M1
T1 T2
k ℓ m n
~
~
~
r M2
Fig. 1.13 One-line diagram for Example 1.4
36
Solution
It is to be noted that
13.2
Base voltage at motor side = 230 x = 13.8 kV
220
OR
300 230 2
Per-unit reactance of trans. T1 = 0.1 x ( ) = 0.0857
350 230
300
Per-unit reactance of transmission line = 32 x 0.1815
2302
300 220 2
Per-unit reactance of transformer T 2 = 0.1 x x( ) 0.0915
300 230
OR
300 13.2 2
Per-unit reactance of transformer T 2 = 0.1 x x ( ) 0.0915
300 13.8
300 13.2 2
Per-unit reactance of motor M1 = 0.2 x x( ) 0.2745
200 13.8
300 13.2 2
Per-unit reactance of motor M1 = 0.2 x x( ) 0.549 38
100 13.8
Per-unit values of different components:
Per-unit reactance of generator = 0.2
Per-unit reactance of transformer T1 = 0.0857
Per-unit reactance of transmission line = 0.1815
Per-unit reactance of transformer T2 = 0.0915
Per-unit reactance of motor M1 = 0.2745
Per-unit reactance of motor M1 = 0.549
Per-unit impedance diagram is shown in Fig. 1.14
j 0.2
j 0.2745 j 0.549
+ + +
Eg ~ Em1 + Em2
-
- -
39
EXAMPLE 1.5
A transformer rated 200 MVA, 345Y / 20.5 Δ kV connected at the receiving
end of a transmission line feeds a balanced load rated 180 MVA, 22.5 kV, 0.8
lagging power factor. Determine
Solution
100 MVA 200 MVA
345/20.5 kV
20.5 kV
yL* = PL j Q
2
L Thus, yL = PL j Q
2
L
VL VL
2
VL
per unit impedance of load is given by z L =
PL j Q L
Given Load is: 180 MVA, 22.5 kV, 0.8 lagging power factor
Load power = (180 x 0.8) + j (180 x 0.6) = (144 + j 108) MVA = (1.44 + j 1.08) per unit
22.5
Load voltage = = 1.0976 per unit
20.5
1.0976 2
Load impedance in per unit = = 0.5354 + j 0.4016 = 0.6693 36.870
1.44 - j 1.08
41
Advantages of per-unit calculation
The per-unit impedances of machines of same type and widely different rating
usually lie within narrow range although the ohmic values differ much.
The way in which the three-phase transformers are connected does not affect
the per-unit impedances although the transformer connection does determine
the relation between the voltage bases on the two sides of the transformer.
42
NETWORK GRAPH
~
~
3
7
1 2 3
6 4
5 4
5 4
2
1
3
This network shown has 7 elements and 4 buses (excluding the reference bus 0).
Connectivity of various elements to form the network can be shown by the bus
incidence matrix A. In matrix A, number of rows is equal to number of buses and
number of coulombs is equal to number of elements. Each element is assigned
arbitrary orientation. For each element, 1 is entered at the originating bus and -1
at the terminating bus. For above network, bus incidence matrix A is obtained as
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1 1
1
-1 1 -1 1
2
-1 -1 (1.19)
A = 3
-1 1 -1
4
44
Element voltages are referred as v1, v2, v3, v4, v5, v6 and v7. Element currents
are referred as i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6 and i7. In power system problems quite often we
make use of bus voltages and bus currents.
For the above network, the bus voltages are V1, V2, V3 and V4. The bus voltages
are always measured with respect to the ground bus. The bus currents are
designated as I1, I2, I3, and I4. The element voltages are related to bus voltages
as: 7 v1 = - V1
v2 = - V2
1 2 3
6 4
v3 = - V4
5 4
v4 = V4 – V3
2
1
3 v5 = V2 - V3
v6 = V1 – V2
0
v7 = V2 – V4
45
v1 = - V1 v5 = V2 - V3
v2 = - V2 v6 = V1 – V2
v3 = - V4 v7 = V2 – V4
v4 = V4 – V3
v1 -1 V1
v -1
2
v 3 -1 V2 (1.20)
-1 1
v 4 =
v 5 1 -1 V3
1 -1
v 6 V4
v 1 -1
7
46
The bus current Ik is the current injected into bus k. The element currents are
related to bus currents as:
7
I1 = - i 1 + i 6
I2
6
I3
I4 I2 = - i 2 + i 5 – i 6 + i 7
I1
2
5
3
4
4 I3 = - i 4 – i 5
1
2
1
I4 = - i 3 + i 4 – i 7
3
47
PRIMITIVE PARAMETERS
v1 = z 1 i1
v 1 z 11 z 12 i 1
v = z i
2 21 z 22 2
Here z 11 and z 22 are the self impedances of elements 1 and 2 and z 12 is the
mutual impedance between elements 1 and 2. For the seven element network
shown in Fig. 1.15 element voltages, element currents are related as
v1 z 11 z 12 z 13 z 14 z 15 z 16 z 17 i1
v z z 22 z 23 z 24 z 25 z 26 z 27 i
2 21 2
v 3 z 31 z 32 z 33 z 34 z 35 z 36 z 37 i 3
v
4 = z 41 z 42 z 43 z 44 z 45 z 46 z 47 i 4 (1.23)
v 5 z 51 z 52 z 53 z 54 z 55 z 56 z 57 i 5
6
v z 61 z 62 z 63 z 64 z 65 z 66 z 67 i 6
v z z 77 i
7 71 z 72 z 73 z 74 z 75 z 76 7
48
Here zii is the self impedance of element i and zij is the mutual impedance
between elements i and j. In matrix notation the above can be written as
v=zi (1.24)
i=yv (1.25)
Here Vbus is the bus voltage vector, Ibus is the bus current vector and Zbus is
the bus impedance matrix. The inverse form of above is
Here Ybus is known as bus admittance matrix. Matrices Zbus and Ybus are
inverses of each other.
49
Derivation of bus admittance matrix
Ibus = A y v (1.28)
Ybus = A y AT (1.30)
This is a very general formula for bus admittance matrix and admits mutual
coupling between elements.
50
In several power system problems mutual couplings will have negligible effect
and hence often omitted. In that case,
the primitive impedance matrix z and the primitive admittance matrix y are
diagonal
and Ybus can be obtained by inspection. These aspects are illustrated through the
seven-element network considered earlier. When mutual couplings are neglected
y 11
y 22
y 33
y y 44
(1.31)
y 55
y 66
y 77
-1 1 -1 1
-1 -1
-1 1 -1
51
Ybus = A y AT
y 11 -1
y 22
-1
y 33 -1
= A y 44 -1 1
y 55 1 -1
y 66 1 -1
y 77 1 -1
-y11
-1 1 -y22
-y33
-1 1 -1 1
= -y44 y44
-1 -1
y55 -y55
-1 1 -1 y66 -y66
y77 -y77
52
-y11
-1 1 -y22
-y33
-1 1 -1 1
= -y44 y44
-1 -1
y55 -y55
-1 1 -1 y66 -y66
y77 -y77
1 2 3 4
53
1 2 3 4
7
1 2
6 4
5 4
3
2
1
3
When there is no mutual coupling, the rules to form the elements of Ybus are:
The diagonal element Yii equals the sum of the admittances directly
connected to bus i.
The off-diagonal element Yij equals the negative of the admittance
connected between buses i and j. If there is no element between buses i
and j, then Yij equals to zero.
54
Bus admittance matrix can be constructed by adding the elements one by one.
Separate the element 5 that is connected between buses 2 and 3 from the
original network. This results in the network graph and the corresponding bus
admittance matrix as
1 2 3 4
7
1 0 0 0 0
2 5 3 0 y55 - y55 0
2
3 0 - y55 y55 0
4
0 0 0 0
If the two network graphs are added, original network graph is obtained. If the
two matrices are added, Ybus of the original network is obtained.
55
It can be inferred that the effect of adding element 5 between buses 2 and 3 is
to add admittance y55 to elements Ybus (2,2) and Ybus (3,3) and add – y55 to
elements Ybus (2,3) and Ybus (3,2).
To construct the bus admittance matrix Ybus , initially all the elements are set to
zero; then network elements are added one by one. When an element i - j is
added, four elements of Ybus are modified. If bus i is the reference bus, then
element Yj j alone is modified.
56
Example 1.6
Consider the power network shown in Fig. 1.16. The ground bus is marked
as 0. Grounding impedances at buses 1, 2, and 4 are j0.6 Ω, j0.4 Ω and j0.5 Ω
respectively. Impedances of the elements 3-4, 2-3, 1-2 and 2-4 are j0.25 Ω,
j0.2 Ω, j0.2 Ω and j0.5 Ω. The mutual impedance between elements 2-3 and 2-4
is j0.1 Ω. Obtain the bus admittance matrix of the power network.
4
1 2
~
~
3
~
Fig. 1.16 Power network – Example 1.6
57
Solution METHOD 1
1 2 3
j 0.2 j 0.1 4 4
6 5
j 0.2 j 0.25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 0.6
2 0.4
z = j 3 0.5
4 0.25
5 0.2 0.1
6 0.2
7 0.1 0.5
58
Inverting the primitive impedance matrix
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1.6667
2 2.5
3 2.0
y = -j 4 4.0
5 5.5556 -1.1111
6 5.0
7 -1.1111 2.2222
-1 1
-1 1 -1 1
A =
-1 -1
-1 1 -1
59
Bus admittance matrix Ybus = A y AT
1.6667 -1
2.5 -1
2.0 -1
Ybus = - j A 4.0 -1 1
5.5556 -1.1111 1 -1
5.0
1 -1
-1.1111 2.2222
1 -1
-1.6667
-1 1 - 2.5
-1 1 -1 1 - 2.0
Ybus = - j - 4.0 4.0
-1 -1
4.4444 - 5.5556 1.1111
-1 1 -1
5.0 - 5.0
1.1111 1.1111 - 2.2222
60
-1 1 -1.6667
-1 1 -1 1 - 2.5
Ybus = - j
-1 -1 - 2.0
-1 1 -1 - 4.0 4.0
4.4444 - 5.5556 1.1111
5.0 - 5.0
1.1111 1.1111 - 2.2222
1 2 3 4
1 - j6.6667 j5.0 0 0
61
METHOD 2
2 3
j 0.1 4 4
Its primitive impedance matrix is
5
j 0.2
5 7 5 7
5 7
2 1 1
A= 3 1 0 ; Bus admittance matrix of the coupled group is A y AT
4 0 1
62
Bus admittance matrix of the coupled group is A y AT
5 7
5 7
2 1 1 2
4.4444 1.1111
5
5.5555 1.1111
Ay= 1 0 - j = -j 5.5555 1.1111
3
3
7 1.1111 2.2222
4 0 1 4
1.1111 2.2222
5 7
2 3 4
2 4.4444 1.1111
5 1 1 0
A y AT = - j 5.5555 1.1111
3
7 1 0 1
4 1.1111 2.2222
2 3 4
63
Consider the network excluding the coupled group.
1 2
j 0.2 (- j 5) 3 j 0.25 (- j 4) 4
6 4
2
j 0.4 (- j 2.5)
j 0.6 (- j 1.6667) j 0.5 (- j 2)
1 3
1 2 3 4
1 j 6.6667 j5 0 0
2
j 5 j 7.5 0 0
3 0 0 j4 j4
4 0 0 j 4 j 6
64
Final bus admittance is obtained by adding the corresponding elements in the
above two matrices. Thus
2 3 4
1
1 - j6.6667 j5.0 0 0
65
Example 1.7
Neglect the mutual impedance and obtain Ybus for the power network described in
example 1.6 using the formulas for Yi i and Yi j.
Solution
Knowing the impedances of elements 1 to 7 as j0.6, j0.4, j0.5, j0.25, j0.2, j0.2 and
j0.5, the admittances of elements 1 to 7 are
- j1.6667, - j2.5, - j2.0, - j4.0, - j5.0, - j5.0 and – j2.0. They are marked blow.
- j2.0 7
1 2
- j 5.0 3
4
6 5
- j5.0 - j 4.0 4
50.2
- j 1.6667 - j 2.5 - j 2.0
1 2
3
1 2 3 4
0
1 - j6.6667 j5.0 0 0
2
j5.0 - j14.5 j5.0 j2.0
Ybus =
3
0 j5.0 - j9.0 j4.0
4
0 j2.0 j4.0 - j8.0
66
Example 1.8
Solution
Initially all the elements of Ybus are set to zeros. Now add element 1:
- j2.0 7
1 2 3 4
1
- j1.6667 0 0 0 1 2 3
- j 5.0 4
2 0 0 0 0
Ybus = 6
- j5.0
5
- j 4.0 4
3 0 0 0 0 50.2
- j 1.6667 - j 2.5 - j 2.0
4 0 0 0 0 1 2
3
67
- j2.0 7
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
1 - j1.6667 0 0 0 - j 5.0 5 4
Ybus = 2 0 - j2.5 0 0 6
- j5.0 - j 4.0 4
3 0 0 0 0 50.2
- j 1.6667 - j 2.5 - j 2.0
2
0 0 0 0 1
4 3
0
Add element 3: - j2.0 7
1 2 3 4
1 - j1.6667 0 0 0 1 2
5 3
- j 5.0 4
2 0 - j2.5 0 0 6
- j5.0 - j 4.0 4
Ybus =
3 0 0 0 0 50.2
- j 1.6667 - j 2.5 - j 2.0
4 0 0 0 - j2.0 1 2
3
68
Add element 4:
1 2 3 4 - j2.0 7
1 - j1.6667 0 0 0
1 2 3
2 0 - j2.5 0 0 - j 5.0 4
Ybus =
6 5
3
0 0 - j4.0 j4.0 - j5.0 - j 4.0 4
50.2
4 - j 1.6667
0 0 j4.0 - j6.0 - j 2.5 - j 2.0
1 2
3
0
Add element 5:
1 2 3 4 - j2.0 7
1 - j1.6667 0 0 0
1 2 3
2 - j 5.0 4
0 - j7.5 j5.0 0
6 5
3 - j5.0 - j 4.0 4
0 j5.0 - j9.0 j4.0 50.2
4 - j 1.6667 - j 2.5 - j 2.0
0 0 j4.0 - j6.0 1 2
69
- j2.0 7
Add element 6:
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
- j 5.0 4
1 - j6.6667 j5.0 0 0
6 5
- j5.0 - j 4.0 4
2 j5.0 - j12.5 j5.0 0
Ybus = 50.2
3 0 j5.0 - j9.0 j4.0 - j 2.5 - j 2.0
1 2
4 0 0 j4.0 - j6.0
0
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
1
- j6.6667 j5.0 0 0 - j 5.0 4
6 5
2
j5.0 - j14.5 j5.0 j2.0 - j5.0 - j 4.0 4
50.2
3
0 j5.0 - j9.0 j4.0 - j 2.5 - j 2.0
1 2
4 0 j2.0 j4.0 - j8.0
0
70
Summary of methods to compute bus admittance matrix
When there is no mutual couplings Ybus can be calculated by any one of the
following methods.
The diagonal element Yii equals the sum of the admittances directly
connected to bus i.
The off-diagonal element Yij equals the negative of the admittance
connected between buses i and j. If there is no element between buses i
and j, then Yij equals to zero.
71
When there is one or more coupled groups Ybus can be calculated by any one
of the following methods.
1. Use Ybus = A y AT
2. (a) Find bus admittance matrix of coupled groups using the corresponding
bus incidence matrix and primitive admittance matrix.
(b) For the uncoupled portion, get the bus admittance matrix using any one
of the last two methods mentioned in the previous case.
72
REPRESENTATION OF OFF-NOMINAL TAP SETTING TRANSFORMER
36 kV
33 kV
33/6.6 kV
33/6.6 kV transformer with
30 kV 6.6 kV
transformer tap settings
33/6.6 kV
36 kV 36 transformer with
1.09
6.6 kV 33 off-nominal tap
setting of 1.09
33/6.6 kV
30 transformer with
6.6 kV 0.909
33 off-nominal tap
30 kV setting of 0.909
iℓ m
ik ℓ im
k m
+ R +
+ jX
a:1
vk vℓ vm
- - -
74
iℓ m im
ik
+ R +
+ jX
a:1
vk vℓ vm
- - -
The nodal equations of the two-port circuit of Fig. 1.19 can be derived by first
expressing the current flows iℓm and im at each end of the series branch R + j X
in terms of the terminal voltages vℓ and vm . Denoting the admittance of this
branch ℓ-m by y, the terminal current injection will be given by:
iℓm y y vℓ 1
= y= (1.32)
im y y vm R jX
75
iℓ m
ik ℓ im
k m
+ R +
+ jX
a:1
vk vℓ vm
- - -
iℓm y y vℓ 1
= y= (1.32)
im y y vm R jX
a ik y y vk /a
iℓm = a ik ; vℓ = vk / a we get = (1.33)
im y y vm
76
a ik y y vk /a
i = y y v (1.33)
m m
y vk y vk y
Here, a ik = y vm i.e. ik = vm
a a2 a
y vk
and im = + y Vm
a
Thus, the relationship between bus currents and bus voltages of the off-
nominal transformer becomes
y y
ik a 2
a vk
i y
= (1.34)
m y v m
a
77
Example 1.9
Consider the 4-bus power system whose one-line diagram is given in Fig. 1.20
1 2 4
off-nominal tap
setting transformer
3
Fig. 1.20 One-line diagram of
C a 4-bus power system
Network data are listed below. Shunt capacitor of susceptance of 0.5 pu is connected
at bus 3.
78
Solution
The nodal equations for the transformer branch 2 - 4 will be obtained from
Eq. (1.34)
y y
ik a 2
a vk
i y
= (1.34)
m y v m
a
2 4
i 2 2 - j13.0154 j 12.7551 v 2
i = j12.7551 - j12.50 v 4
4 4
Bus admittance matrix for the entire system can be obtained by including one
branch at a time and expanding the admittance matrix to a 4x4 matrix:
79
1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0
1
0 - j13.0154 0 j12.7551
Ybus = 2
0 0 0 0
3
4
0 j12.7551 0 - j12.50
Add ele. 1 – 2: z = 0.02 + j0.06; y = 5 – j 15; HLC suscep. = 0.1; HLCA = j 0.1
Y12 = Y21 = - 5 + j 15
1 2 3 4
5 – j14.9 - 5 + j15 0 0
1
0 0 0 0
3
0 j12.7551 0 - j12.50
4
80
1 2 3 4
5 – j14.9 - 5 + j15 0 0
1
0 0 0 0
3
4
0 j12.7551 0 - j12.50
Add ele 1 – 3: z = 0.02 + j 0.06 y = 5 – j 15; HLC Suscep = 0.125; HLCA = j 0.125
10 – j29.775 - 5 + j15 - 5 + j 15 0
1
- 5 + j 15 0 5 – j 14.875 0
3
4
0 j12.7551 0 - j12.50
81
1 2 3 4
10 – j29.775 - 5 + j15 - 5 + j 15 0
1
- 5 + j 15 0 5 – j 14.875 0
3
4
0 j12.7551 0 - j12.50
- 5 + j15 - 4 + j8 9 – j22.875 0
3
4
0 j12.7551 0 - j12.50
82
1 2 3 4
- 5 + j15 - 4 + j8 9 – j22.875 0
3
4
0 j12.7551 0 - j12.50
1 2 3 4
0 j12.7551 0 - j12.50
4
83
Example 1.10
Using Matlab program obtain the bus admittance matrix of the transmission
system with the following data.
Line data
Off
Line Between
Line Impedance HLCA nominal
No. buses
turns ratio
85
%
% Displaying data
%
disp([' Sl.No From bus To bus Line Impedance HLCA ONTR'])
Edata
if Nsh~=0
disp([' Sl.No. At bus Shunt Admittamce'])
Shdata
end
%
% Formation of Ybus matrix
%
Ybus = zeros(Nbus,Nbus);
86
Edata = [1 1 4 0.08+0.32i 0.01i 1;2 1 6 0.125+0.5i 0.015i 1;3 2 3 0.8+1.2i 0 1;...
4 2 5 0.25+0.75i 0 1;5 4 3 0+0.125i 0 0.95;6 4 6 0.1+0.4i 0.075i 1;..
7 6 5 0+0.25i 0 1.05];
for k = 1:Nele
p = Edata(k,2);
q = Edata(k,3);
yele = 1/Edata(k,4);
Hlca = Edata(k,5);
offa = Edata(k,6);
offaa = offa*offa;
Ybus(p,p) = Ybus(p,p) + yele/offaa + Hlca;
Ybus(q,q) = Ybus(q,q) + yele + Hlca;
Ybus(p,q) = Ybus(p,q) - yele/offa;
Ybus(q,p) = Ybus(q,p) - yele/offa;
end
87
Shdata = [1 4 0.05i];
if Nsh~=0
for i = 1:Nsh
q = Shdata(i,2);
yele = Shdata(i,3);
Ybus(q,q) = Ybus(q,q) + yele;
end
end
Ybus
88
*****Formation of YBUS matrix ******
Sl.No From bus To bus Line Impedance HLCA ONTR
Edata =
Shdata =
89
Ybus =
90