Fracture toughness describes a material's

resistance to brittle fracture when a crack

is present. It is related to its ability to
deform plastically instead of further
increasing the local stress and energy
level.
1. Impact Testing

2. Destructive Testing

3. Fatigue Testing
 The purpose of impact testing is to measure an object's
ability to resist high-rate loading. It is usually thought of
in terms of two objects striking each other at high
relative speeds. A part, or material's ability to resist
impact often is one of the determining factors in the
service life of a part, or in the suitability of a
designated material for a particular application. Impact
resistance can be one of the most difficult properties to
quantify. The ability to quantify this property is a great
advantage in product liability and safety.
1. Charpy Impact Test

2. IZOD Impact Test

The Charpy Impact Test was invented in 1900 by Georges Augustin
Albert Charpy (1865-1945). The Charpy impact test measures the
energy absorbed by a standard notched specimen while breaking
under an impact load. The Charpy impact test continues to be
used as an economical quality control method to determine the
notch sensitivity and impact toughness of engineering materials.
The Charpy Impact Test is commonly used on metals, but is also
applied to composites, ceramics and polymers. With the Charpy
impact test one most commonly evaluates the relative toughness of
a material, and as such, it is used as a quick and economical
quality control device.
Important factors that affect the toughness of a material include: low
temperatures, high strain rates (by impact or pressurization), and stress
concentrators such as notches, cracks and voids.

By applying the Charpy Impact Test to identical specimens at different

temperatures, and then plotting the impact energy as a function of temperature,
the ductile-brittle transition becomes apparent. This is essential information to
obtain when determining the minimum service temperature for a material.
Izod impact testing is an ASTM standard method of determining the
impact resistance of materials. A pivoting arm is raised to a specific
height (constant potential energy) and then released. The arm swings
down hitting the sample, breaking the specimen. The energy absorbed by
the sample is calculated from the height the arm swings to after hitting the
sample. A notched sample is generally used to determine impact energy
and notch sensitivity.
The test is similar to the Charpy impact test but uses a different
arrangement of the specimen under test.The Izod impact test differs from
the Charpy impact test in that the sample is held in a cantilevered beam
configuration as opposed to a three-point bending configuration.
The test is named after the English engineer Edwin Gilbert Izod (1876–
1946), who described it in his 1903 address to the British Association,
subsequently published in Engineering.
 Destructive testing are defined as those tests that are made to a material through the
use of tools or machines, which produce an irreversible alteration of their chemical
composition or dimensional geometry.
Destructive testing are performed on adhesive or adhesive joints that have 4 main
objectives:
 Get the features and mechanical properties of the adhesive.
 Made comparative between different adhesives.
 Check the conditions of application as well as adhesives and preparation of
substrates or adherents.
 Simulate the ageing conditions of the adhesive bonding during his lifetime, in
order to predict their behavior.
 Bend test
 Break test
 Tensile test
 Hardness test
 Impact test
 Macro examination
 Micro examination
1. From Latin "Fatigare" meaning "to tire."
2. Engineering terminology: - damage and failure of
materials under cyclic loads.
3. Fatigue testing is defined as the process of
progressive localized permanent structural change
occurring in a material subjected to conditions that
produce fluctuating stresses and strains at some point
or points and that may culminate in cracks or complete
fracture after a sufficient number of fluctuations.
1. Initial fatigue damage leading to crack nucleation
and crack initiation,

2. Progressive cyclic growth of a crack (crack

propagation) until the remaining un-cracked cross
section of a part becomes too weak to withstand the
loads applied,

3. Final, sudden fracture of the remaining cross

section.
1. Mechanical Fatigue - fluctuations in externally applied stresses or
strains.
2. Creep Fatigue - Cyclic loads at high temperatures.
3. Thermo mechanical Fatigue - fluctuations in temperature as well as
stresses and strains.
4. Corrosion Fatigue - Cyclic loads in a chemically aggressive or
embrittling
environment.
5. Fretting Fatigue - Cyclic loads combined with frictional sliding.