Sistem Penghadaman Manusia

Mouth

Esophagus

Stomach

Alimentary canal Duodenum

Small intestine

Large intestine
Rectum

Anus
Food (Rice) in mouth is chewed + Saliva

Food bolus move along esophagus

Arrived stomach-hold food, secretes

gastric jus

Liver, released bile to emulsify fat

Duodenum-receive bile and pancreas jus

Small intestine-secretes intestinal juice

-absorbed food into blood

Large intestine-formation faeces

Rectum-stored faeces
Anus-remove faeces from body
Process of Digestion

1. The digestive process involves breakdown

of food from complex to simple form in the
alimentary canal

2. Sequence in the digestive process:

 Outside Food
the body
Ingestion

Alimentary Physical and Defecation

canal chemical digestion

Absorption
Body cells
and
tissues Assimilation
 The process of intake of food in
Ingestion solid/liquid forms into the
alimentary canal.

Physically and chemically in the

Digestion
digestive system.

Defecation Undigested food will be disposed

Absorption a.blood circulatory system

b.lymphatic system
 In body cells :
Assimilation
a.growth
b.cellular respiration (to
release energy)
 Process of digestion

Physical digestion Chemical digestion

-mechanical process -Action of various

-breaking down food enzymes
into smaller particles -The end products are
-using the teeth simpler molecules
which are soluble.
 Digestion of
proteins starts in
Digestion of the stomach
carbohydrates
starts in the
mouth
Digestion of
fats starts
Digestion of
in the small
carbohydrates,
intestine
proteins and fats
ends in the small
intestine
Amylase enzyme
 Mouth

Starch molecules

Enzymes break down

starch molecules

Glucose molecules
1. Digestion begins in the mouth.
2. The teeth chew and grind food into smaller
particles
 Enzyme
amylase
Starch maltose
Alkaline
medium

Saliva contains maltose, a

amylase enzyme type of sugar.
 Peristalsis

Inside esofhagus, no food digestion occurs

 Peristalsis

Inside esophagus, no food digestion occurs

 Peristalsis

Inside esophagus, no food digestion occurs

 Peristalsis

Inside esophagus, no food digestion occurs

 Peristalsis

Inside esophagus, no food digestion occurs

 wall dilates Direction of movement
of food
lumen

Wall constricts
food mass

Contraction of the wall of the

digestive tract
The digested food is pushed to the stomach
by the contraction and relaxation of the walls
of the esophagus

The wave-like contraction of the esophagus

muscles are known as peristalsis.
Date:
Experiment: 2.4
Aim: To test the action of salivary amylase on
starch
Diagram:
Procedure:
1.My mouth was rinsed with distilled water and
spat out.
2.My mouth was rinsed again with some distilled
and the water was spat into a beaker. The
 saliva solution were collected.
3. 5 cm3 of starch solution were poured into a
test tube labeled P.
4. 5 cm3 of saliva solution were added to test
tube P.
5. The mixture was stirred with a glass rod. Test
tube P was placed into a water bath at 370C
and the stopwatch was started.
6. 2 cm3 of the mixture were poured from test
tube P into two separate test tubes immediately
7. The iodine test and Benedict’s test were
carried out on the mixtures in the two separate
test tubes.
8. After 30 minutes, 2cm3 of the mixture were
poured from test tube P into two other test
tubes and the iodine test and Benedict’s test
were carried out on the mixtures again.
9. All my observations were recorded in the
table.
Procedure:

1. Rinse your mouth

2. Rinse your mouth again and
spit the water into the a
beaker.

3. Pour 5cm3 of starch solution

into test tube.
4. Add 5 cm3 of saliva solution to
test tube.
5. Stir the mixture.
6. Place the test tube into the water bath. Start
the stop watch.
7. After 2 minutes, pour 2cm3 of the mixture
into two separate test tube.
8. Carry out the iodine test and Benedict’s test.

9. After 30 minutes, repeat steps 6 -7 again.

 Observation:

Food test At the beginning of the At the end of the activity

activity
Observation Inference Observation Inference

Iodine test

Benedict’s
test
 Observation:

Food test At the beginning of the At the end of the activity

activity
Observation Inference Observation Inference

Iodine test Dark-blue Starch is Brown Starch is

solution present solution absent
Benedict’s Blue Glucose is Brick-red Glucose is
test solution absent precipitate present.
Conclusion:

The enzyme in saliva breaks down starch to

form _________

amylase
Starch maltose
Discussion:

1.Why must you rinse your mouth with

distilled water before collecting the saliva
solution?
-to ensure that the saliva does not contain
sugar
2. Why must you place test tube P into the
water bath at 370C?
-The optimum temperature for salivary
amylase is 370C.
3. What effect did your saliva have on the
starch solution?
- Saliva digested starch by changing it into
sugar that gives a positive result to the
Benedict’s test.

4. Variables:
i) Fixed : Temperature of water (370C)
ii) manipulated: presence of enzyme
iii) responding : presence of maltose
Digestion in stomach
Digestion of
proteins starts in
the stomach
1.The stomach - acts as a bag to store food
2. When food enters the stomach, the stomach
wall will secrete gastric juice that contains:
i) Hydrochloric acid,
ii) Enzyme pepsin
(a form of protease)
Functions of hydrochloric acid:
i. Prevent food from decaying
ii.Kill bacteria that may be found in food
iii.Stop the action of salivary amylase
iv.Prepared an acidic medium

The stomach wall will secrete

mucus to protect stomach
tissue from corrosion by the
hydrochloric acid.
 pepsin enzyme
Proteins Polypeptides
Digestion of food in stomach takes about
2 – 4 hours.

Then food is sent from the

stomach to the small
intestines in semi-solid
form known as chyme.
Date:
Experiment: 2.5
Aim: Action of enzyme in the stomach on
proteins
Hypothesis: Enzyme in the stomach can
convert proteins into polypeptides
(or peptones)
Variables:
i) Fixed : temperature of water bath (370C)
ii) Manipulated: presence of water
iii)Responding: presence of proteins
Procedure:
1.Four test tube were labelled as A, B, C, and D
2.The following mixtures were poured into each
test tube:
Test tube Mixtures
A 1cm3 of egg albumin
2cm3 of pepsin solution
2cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid
B 1cm3 of egg albumin
2cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid
 Test mixtures
tube
C 1cm3 of egg albumin
2cm3 of pepsin solution
2cm3 of distilled water
D 1cm3 of egg albumin
2cm3 of distilled water

3. Four test tube were then immersed in a water

bath at 370C for 2 hours.
4. Then the egg albumin in each test tube was
observed.
Observations:
Test tube Observations
A Egg albumin has dissolved
B Egg albumin is still in the test tube
C Egg albumin is still in the test tube
D Egg albumin is still in the test tube
Conclusion:
In acidic state, the enzyme _______ will
convert _______to _______(peptones)
-if the temperature of the water bath is too high,
the pepsin and protein will be destroyed. This
condition is called denaturalisation.