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Derek Stuart
Ametek Process & Analytical instruments
derek.stuart@ametek.com
Define Dust
Partículas, de cualquier forma, estructura o
densidad, dispersas en la fase gaseosa en
las condiciones del punto de muestreo que
se pueden recolectar por filtración en
condiciones específicas luego del muestreo
representativo del gas a analizar, y que
permanecen aguas arriba del filtro y en el
filtro. después del secado bajo condiciones
Fly ash
Source: Southern Illinois University
Source: DEFRA
Ringelmann chart
Opacity measurement
Detector
Stack
Transmissometry
• Beer-Lambert law
Transmittance = exp (-k c l) = 1 - Opacity
const pathlength
Legislation - USA
Performance Specification 1
Examples of OPLR
Warning!
ASTM D6216
“Consensus standard”
written by a group of users and manufacturers
Three editions:
• ASTM D6216-98 (1998).
– Original release
– Still referenced in PS-1
• ASTM D6216-03 (2003)
– Current version
– EPA accepts either this version or 1998
• ASTM D6216-07 (2007)
– Published 12 Nov 2007
– Includes standards for low-opacity monitors such as Model 4500 Premier
ASTM D6216
Requirements of D6216
Requirements of D6216
Specification Requirement
Spectral response 500 to 600 nm
Angle of view, angle of projection 4°
Supply voltage variations ±1.0 % opacity max. change
Thermal stability ±2.0 % opacity change per 22ºC
±2.0 % opacity for solar radiation level 900 W/m
2
Ambient light
Automated calibration checks Check of all active analyzer internal optics
Simulated zero check device
Upscale calibration check device
Status indicators
PLCF security 3 options
Output resolution 0.5 % opacity
Measurement frequency At least every 10 s
Response time 10 s to 95 % of final value
Calibration error 3 % opacity
Optical alignment indicator Clear indication of ±2 % opacity change
Calibration device repeatability 1.5 % opacity
Linearity test
• Insert three calibrated filters five times each
• Check filter values depend on Emission Limit Value (ELV)
• After OPLR correction, filters must read
ELV < 20% ELV ≥ 20%
Low filter 5% to 10% 10% to 20 %
Mid filter 10% to 20 % 20% to 30%
High filter 20% to 40% 30% to 60%
Legislation - Europe
Measured by
Model 4500 0.3500
0.3000
0.2500
Optical Density
0.2000
0.1500
0.1000
Measured by Reference
Method
0.0500
0.0000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Dust density /mg.m-3
Drying Tower
Heated Probe
Flow Control
Pump
Heated Filter
Conclusions
• Opacity is used worldwide to measure dust emissions
• USA and Canada specify ELV in opacity units
• Most other countries use mg.m-3
• US COMS must meet PS-1 and ASTM D6216
• European PM-CEMS must meet EN 13284 part 2