Section 8

Design of members
subjected to bending

Dr S R Satish Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering
I I T Madras, Chennai 600 036
sr.satishkumar@gmail.com

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 1

 SECTION 8 DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING
8.1 General
8.2 Design Strength in Bending (Flexure)
8.2.1 Laterally Supported Beam

8.2.2 Laterally Unsupported Beams

8.3 Effective Length of Compression Flanges
8.4 Shear
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8.5 Stiffened Web Panels
8.5.1 End Panels design
8.5.2 End Panels designed using Tension field action
8.5.3 Anchor forces
8.6 Design of Beams and Plate Girders with Solid Webs
8.6.1 Minimum Web Thickness
8.6.2 Sectional Properties
8.6.3 Flanges Cont...
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 2
 SECTION 8 DESIGN OF MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO BENDING
8.7 Stiffener Design
8.7.1 General
8.7.2 Design of Intermediate Transverse Web Stiffeners
8.7.3 Load carrying stiffeners
8.7.4 Bearing Stiffeners
8.7.5 Design of Load Carrying Stiffeners
8.7.6 Design of Bearing Stiffeners
8.7.7 Design of Diagonal Stiffeners
8.7.8 Design of Tension Stiffeners
8.7.9 Torsional Stiffeners
8.7.10 Connection to Web of Load Carrying and Bearing Stiffeners
8.7.11 Connection to Flanges
8.7.12 Hollow Sections
8.8 Box Girders
8.9 Purlins and sheeting rails (girts)
8.10 Bending in a Non-Principal Plane

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 3

 RESPONSE OF BEAMS TO VERTICAL LOADING

• Plastic hinge formation

• Lateral deflection and twist
• Local buckling of
i) Flange in compression
ii) Web due to shear
iii) Web in compression due to
concentrated loads
• Local failure by
i) Yield of web by shear
ii) Crushing of web
iii) Buckling of thin flanges

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 4

 Conditions to Qualify as a
Laterally Restrained Beam

• It should not laterally buckle

• None of its elements should buckle until a
desired limit state is achieved
• Limit state of serviceability must be satisfied
• Member should behave in accordance with the
expected performance of the system

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 5

 Condition of the beam lateral stability

• 1 Laterally Supported Beam

The design bending strength of beams, adequately
supported against lateral torsional buckling (laterally
supported beam) is governed by the yield stress

• 2 Laterally Unsupported Beams

When a beam is not adequately supported against
lateral buckling (laterally un-supported beams) the
design bending strength may be governed by lateral
torsional buckling strength

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 6

 Laterally Stability of Beams

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 7

 UNIFORM TORSION

T
T

Uniform Torsion (Constant Torque :

Ends are free to warp)
• Rate of change of angle of twist rotation constant

• Warping deformations are also constant

• Ratio of torque acting to twist rotation per

unit length is known as the Torsional Rigidity GJ
J =  bt3 /3 8
 NON-UNIFORM TORSION

X 
u
Ta
Z V
Vf h
f
Ta

Twisting of Non-Circular Section restrained against free warping

(Constant Torque : End warping is prevented )

Can also occur due to varying Torque (Twisting Moment)

Stiffness proportional to Warping Rigidity E

9
STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL BEAM

initially straight pin-ended beam

M
AC  Failure by yielding (Low B1
slenderness ratios) Plastic yield at Mp
C
CB  Failure by bucking (l  lc ) M P A
A Elastic buckling ( M )
cr

lc l = l /r

10
STRENGTH CURVE FOR AN IDEAL Beam

Plastic yield

1.0 Elastic buckling

1.0 l = (fy / scr )1/2

Strength curve in a non-dimensional form

11
 SIMILARITY OF COLUMN BUCKLING AND BEAM BUCKLING -1

Y
P M
X
Z
B B
B B
M

P
u u
Section B-B
Section B-B
Column buckling

EA EI y Beam buckling
 EIx >EIy
l 3
l EIx >GJ

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 12

 LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING OF
SYMMETRIC SECTIONS
Assumptions for the ideal (basic) case
• Beam undistorted
• Elastic behaviour
• Loading by equal and opposite moments in the
plane of the web
• No residual stresses
• Ends are simply supported vertically and laterally
The bending moment at which a beam fails by
lateral buckling when subjected to uniform end
moment is called its elastic critical moment (Mcr)

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 13

 (a) ORIGINAL BEAM (b) LATERALLY BUCKLED BEAM

A y Lateral
Deflection
M M
A z
Elevation
l
x

Section

θ
Plan Section A-A

Twisting
(a) (b)

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 14

 Mcr = [ (Torsional resistance )2 + (Warping resistance )2 ]1/2

1
  Π2  E Iy  Γ 
E  I y  G  J   
Π 
2
M cr  2 
L   L 

or
1
1   Π 2  E  Γ 
M cr  E  I y  G  J 2 1   2
Π 2

L   L  G  J 

EIy = flexural rigidity

GJ = torsional rigidity
E = warping rigidity

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 15

 Strength Of Members Subjected To Bending

Mcr
Plastic Inelastic Elastic
Range Range Range

Mp

My

Mo Mo

Unbraced Length, L

Beam Buckling Behaviour

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 16

 LATERAL BUCKLING OF BEAMS

 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
 Distance between lateral supports to the compression
flange.
 Restraints at the ends and at intermediate support
locations (boundary conditions).
 Type and position of the loads.
 Moment gradient along the unsupported length.
 Type of cross-section.
 Non-prismatic nature of the member.
 Material properties.
 Magnitude and distribution of residual stresses.
 Initial imperfections of geometry and eccentricity of
loading.

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 17

 FACTORS AFFECTING LATERAL STABILITY

• Support Conditions
• effective (unsupported) length
• Level of load application
• stabilizing or destabilizing ?
• Type of loading
• Uniform or moment gradient ?
• Shape of cross-section
• open or closed section ?

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 18

8.2 Design Strength in Bending (Flexure)
The factored design moment, M at any section, in a beam
due to M M d
external actions shall satisfy
8.2.1 Laterally Supported Beam

The design bending strength as governed by plastic

strength, Md, shall be taken as
Md = b Z p fy / m0  1.2 Ze fy / m0
8.2.1.4 Holes in the tension zone

(Anf / Agf)  (fy/fu) (m1 / m0 ) / 0.9

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 19

8.2.2 Laterally Unsupported Beams
The design bending strength of laterally unsupported beam is
given by:
Md = b Zp fbd
fbd = design stress in bending, obtained as ,fbd = LT fy /γm0
LT = reduction factor to account for lateral torsional buckling given by:

1
 LT   1.0

[  LT   LT  lLT
2

2 0.5
]


 LT  0.5 1   LT lLT  0.2  lLT 2

LT = 0.21 for rolled section, lLT   b Z p f y / M cr
LT = 0.49 for welded section
Cont…

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 20

8.2.2.1 Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling Moment

  2 EI y    2
EI  
M cr    GI t  2 
w
 
 KL   
2
KL   

2 0.5
 LT  EI y h 
2
1  KL / ry  
M cr  1    
2( KL) 2  20  h / t f  
 
APPENDIX F ELASTIC LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

F.1 Elastic Critical Moment

F.1.1 Basic
F.1.2 Elastic Critical Moment of a Section Symmetrical about
Minor Axis

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 21

 TYPE OF LOADING
a) Uniform moment – simple analysis, severe loading
b) Non-uniform moment
• Equivalent uniform moment
W
Mmax

Mmax Mmax

Mmax

basic case more stable case

• Effective slenderness
- when the point of max. moment is laterally unsupported

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 22

 EQUIVALENT UNIFORM MOMENT FACTOR (m)

Elastic instability at M’ = m Mmax (m  1)

m 1.0
m = 0.57+ 0.33ß + 0.1ß2 > 0.43
ß = Mmin / Mmax (-1.0  ß  1.0) 0.34
CmLT = 0.6 + 0.4 > 0.4
ß
Mmax Mmin Mmax Mmin

Mmax Mmin Mmax Mmin

Positive Negative

also check Mmax  Mp

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 23

• Cross Sectional Properties for Symmetrical I and H
Sections

B
T
t
h
D X X

24
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 EFFECTIVE LATERAL RESTRAINT

Provision of proper lateral bracing improves lateral stability

Discrete and continuous bracing
Cross sectional distortion in the hogging moment region
Discrete bracing
• Level of attachment to the beam
• Level of application of the transverse load
• Type of connection
Properties of the beams
• Bracing should be of sufficient stiffness to produce
buckling between braces
• Sufficient strength to withstand force transformed by
beam before connecting

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 25

 SUMMARY

• Unrestrained beams , loaded in their stiffer planes may undergo

lateral torsional buckling
• The prime factors that influence the buckling strength of beams
are unbraced span, Cross sectional shape, Type of end restraint
and Distribution of moment
• A simplified design approach has been presented
• Behaviour of real beams, cantilever and continuous beams
was described.
• Cases of mono symmetric beams , non uniform beams and
beams with unsymmetric sections were also discussed.

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 26