Laterally Restrained Beams

Dr S R Satish Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering
I I T Madras, Chennai 600 036
sr.satishkumar@gmail.com

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 1

 RESPONSE OF BEAMS TO VERTICAL LOADING

• Plastic hinge formation

• Lateral deflection and twist
• Local buckling of
i) Flange in compression
ii) Web due to shear
iii) Web in compression due to
concentrated loads
• Local failure by
i) Yield of web by shear
ii) Crushing of web
iii) Buckling of thin flanges

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 2

 Conditions to Qualify as a Laterally
Restrained Beam

• It should not laterally buckle

• None of its elements should buckle until a
desired limit state is achieved
• Limit state of serviceability must be satisfied
• Member should behave in accordance with the
expected performance of the system

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 3

 Laterally Stability of Beams

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 4

 Condition for lateral stability of beam

• 1 Laterally Supported Beam

The design bending strength of beams, adequately
supported against lateral torsional buckling (laterally
supported beam) is governed by the yield stress

• 2 Laterally Unsupported Beams

When a beam is not adequately supported against
lateral buckling (laterally un-supported beams) the
design bending strength may be governed by lateral
torsional buckling strength

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 5

 Sections Used

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 6

 Local Buckling
In IS:800 (1984) the local buckling
is avoided by specifying b/t limits.
Hence we don’t consider local
buckling explicitly
However in IS:800: 2007 limit
state design, the local buckling is
the first aspect as far as the beam
design is concerned
How do we consider?
By using section classification

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 7

 K=0.425

K=4.0
8 times Stronger!

Mr.Stiffened
Mr.Unstiffened

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 8

 Vent

Local buckling

Vent

Full Section Capacity Full section capacity

eroded by local Buckling

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 9

 Unsitffened Elements

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 10

 Sitffened Elements
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 11
 Definition of Yield and Plastic Moment Capacities

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 12

 MP
Water-tank Analogy

PLASTIC & COMPACT

MP MP
My
My

SEMI-COMPACT SLENDER

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 13

 Plastic Analysis using the water-tank analogy

MP MP

MP

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 14

 Flexural member performance using section classification

Rotational Capacity
MP

Compact Plastic moment

fy

MY
fy
fy
Moment ‘M’ Yield moment
Semi-Compact

<fy
Slender

fy

<fy

Curvature
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 15
 Section classification of Indian standard
Rolled Steel ‘I’ beams

plastic
Semi-Compact 4
4

compact
12

semicompac
t Compact 12

Plastic 49
49

PLASTIC 49

COMPACT 12

SEMICOMPACT 4

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 16

 Limit states for LR beams
• Limit state of flexure
• Limit state of shear
• Limit state of bearing/web buckling
• Limit state of serviceability

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 17

 Idealised elasto- plastic stress
stain curve for the purpose of
design
Elastic range Plastic range
f

fy
2 3 4

Stress

Idealised stress strain curve

1

strain

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 18

 Strain and stress distributions in plastic range
B
3>y f3=fy
T
d0
zc
f3<fy 3
d fy

t zT
d0

Strain Stress

4>>y f4=fy

AC
Zc
4

AT ZT

Strain Stress

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 19

 1 2
M
3 My (a) BM diagram
4
MP
<fy

1
fy
2

3 fy

4 fy
(b) Plastification of
cross section
1 2

Curvature max at 3
4 (c) Curvature
collapse
Diagram
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 20
 Simply supported beam deflection at various stages

1 2
3 4

Plastic Hinge

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 21

 Yield and Full-plastic Moment Capacities
• My = fy (I / ymax) = fy Ze

• NA is obtained by first moment of areas

• Mp = fy Zp
• NA is the centriodal axis

dA

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 22

 Some typical shape factors

2.0 1.7 1.5

1.27
1.14
Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 23
 LIMIT STATE OF SHEAR

Elastic Shear
stress

Elastic a b c

Bending stress Plastic range

Combined bending and shear in beams

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 24

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 25
 EQUATIONS FOR SHEAR CAPACITY

V
 av 
t wd w
fy
y   0.58 f y
3

Vc  0.6 f ytwd w

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 26

 Other Failure Modes

Shear yielding near support

Web buckling Web crippling

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 27
 Web Buckling

Pwb  ( b1  n1 ) t fc
L 0.7 d
d/2 b1 n1  E 
ry ry
450
Iy t3 t
d/2 ry   
A 12t 2 3

LE 2 3 d
 0 .7 d  2 .5
ry t t
Effective width for web buckling

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 28

 Web Crippling

Pcrip  ( b1  n2 ) t f yw
b1 n2
1:2.5 slope

Root
radius
Stiff bearing length

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 29

 LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILTY

•Deflection (L/325 or L/200???)

•Excessive vibration
•Repairable damage due to fatigue

L 24 2 x105 1 4923
 
d 5 0.6 f y 325 fy

Limiting L/d ratio

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 30

 Revised IS 800 Provisions
Design Strength in Bending (Flexure)
The factored design moment,M  any
M at M dsection, in a beam due to
external actions shall satisfy

8.2.1 Laterally Supported Beam

Type 1 Sections with stocky webs

d/tw 67
The design bending strength as governed by plastic strength, Md, shall be
found without Shear Interaction for low shear case represented by
V <0.6 Vd

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 31

8.2.1.3 Design Bending Strength under High Shear

• V exceeds 0.6Vd

Md = Mdv
Mdv= design bending strength under high
shear as defined in section 9.2

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 32

8.2 Design Strength in Bending (Flexure)
The factored design moment, M at any section, in a beam
due to M M d
external actions shall satisfy
8.2.1 Laterally Supported Beam

The design bending strength as governed by plastic

strength, Md, shall be taken as
Md = b Z p fy / m0  1.2 Ze fy / m0
8.2.1.4 Holes in the tension zone

(Anf / Agf)  (fy/fu) (m1 / m0 ) / 0.9

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 33

 8.2 Design Strength in Bending (Flexure)
Stocky webs
Md = b Zp fy / m0  1.2 Ze fy / m0

• b =1.0 for plastic and compact section

• b = Ze/ Zp for semi-compact section
• Zp, Ze = plastic and elastic section modulli
• fy = yield stress of the material
• m0 = partial safety factor

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 34

Dr S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 35