Freeze drying

Presented by:-

Kunj patel (16BE01018)

Darshit dobariya (16BE01036)
Yash donga (16BE01037)
Hiren koladiya (16BE01039)
Content
• Introduction
• Working principle
• Procedure
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Applications
• Problems
Introduction
• The freeze dryer does freeze drying and has important application
In the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.
• Freeze drying is a now standard process used to stabilize, store or
increase the shelf life or drug products and other biologicals.
Principle
• The main principle involved in freeze drying is a phenomenon called
sublimation, where water passes directly from solid state (ice) to the
vapor state without passing through the liquid state.
• The material to be dried is first frozen and then subjected under a high
vacuum to heat (by conduction or radiation or by both) so that frozen
liquid sublimes leaving only solid ,dried components of the original
liquid.
Freeze Drying Equipment
The main components of freeze drying equipment are:
• Refrigeration System
• Vacuum System
• Control System
• Product Chamber or Manifold
• Condenser

Temperature Range :- 40◦C to 20 ◦C .

Freeze refrigerant :- silicon air
Stages In Freezing Drying Process:

1. Pre-freezing
2. Primary drying
3. Secondary drying
1. Pre-freezing
• The product must be frozen to low enough temperature to be
completely solidify
• The method of pre-freezing and the final temperature of the frozen
product can be affected the ability to successfully freeze dry the
material
2. Primary drying
• Temperature is increased in primary drying, as the pressure is already
low so this causes the sublimation of frozen water (ice) to vapour.

• This vapour reaches the

condenser, where it
condenses back to
frozen ice and then
easily removed
from the outlet.
3. Secondary drying
• A freeze dryer’s final phase is secondary drying (adsorption), during
which the ionically-bound water molecules are removed. By raising
the temperature higher than in the primary drying phase, the bonds are
broken between the material and the water molecules. Freeze dried
materials retain a porous structure. After the freeze dryer completes its
process, the vacuum can be broken with an inert gas before the
material is sealed. Most materials can be dried to 1-5% residual
moisture.
Freeze Drying Diagram:
Advantages of freeze drying
• Less damages to their physical structures
• No need to refrigerate
• No need to use chemical for preservation
• Easy to transport
• Can increase the shelf life
• No risk of contamination
Disadvantages of freeze drying
• Expensive
• Long process time
• Can cause structure deformation
• Storage problem
• Effective for selected items
Applications Of Freeze Drying:
Industry Applications
Ceramics To create formable powder
For instant meals and soups,
Food processing For breakfast cereals, juices,
For flavourings.
Dairy industry High value proteins
Proteins, enzymes, hormones, vaccines and other
pharmaceuticals biological products.

Research Stabilization and storage of biological materials

Chemical synthesized products. Late stage

Technological industry
purification procedure.
Problems To Avoid While Using a Freeze Dryer
• Heating the product too high in temperature can cause melt-back or
product collapse
• Condenser overload caused by too much vapor hitting the condenser.
• Too much vapor creation
• Too much surface area
• Too small a condenser area
• Insufficient refrigeration
• Vapor choking – the vapor is produced at a rate faster than it can get
through the vapor port, the port between the product chamber and the
condenser, creating an increase in chamber pressure.