LL IT E C O MM U N IC AT I O N

SATE
AY ID NO . GSR 0 2 62/ 11
PRESENTED BY: ALEMU SIS
OUTLINE
• INTRODUCTION
• HOW DOES SATELLITE COMMUNICATION WORK?
• WAYS TO CATEGORIZE COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES
• CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE ORBITS
• CAPACITY ALLOCATION STRATEGIES
• SATELLITE TRANSMISSION BANDS
• PROS AND CONS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
• SOME APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITES
INTRODUCTION
• Satellite communication, the use of artificial satellites to provide communication
links between various points on earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in
the global telecommunications system.
• Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites orbiting earth relay analog and digital signals
carrying voice, video, and data to and from one or many locations worldwide.
• A satellite in orbit has to operate continuously over its entire life span. It needs
internal power to be able to operate its electronic systems and communications
payload. The main source of power is sunlight, which is harnessed by the satellite’s
solar panels. A satellite also has batteries on board to provide power when the Sun is
blocked by Earth.
…CONT…D
• The high frequency radio waves used for telecommunications
links travel by line of sight and so are obstructed by the curve of
the earth that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications
signals via a transponder.
•A communications satellite's transponder is the series of
interconnected units that form a communications channel
between the receiving and the transmitting antennas. It is mainly
used in satellite communication to transfer the received signals.
 …CONT..D
• A transponder is typically composed of:
• An input band-limiting device (an input band-pass filter),
• An input low-noise amplifier (LNA), designed to amplify the signals
received from the Earth station(normally very weak, because of the large
distances involved.)
• A frequency translator (normally composed of an oscillator and a
frequency mixer) used to convert the frequency of the received signal to
the frequency required for the transmitted signal,
• An output band-pass filter,
• A power amplifier (this can be a traveling-wave tube or a solid-state
amplifier).
HOW DOES SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS WORK?

Generally:
• There is a transmitter on the ground.
• The transmitter sends signals to a satellite using microwaves.
• Signal is received & amplified by the satellite using transponder.
• Signal is retransmitted back to earth.
• Signal reaches its recipient or is 'bounced back' to another
satellite.
WAYS TO CATEGORIZE COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITES
•Coverage area
• Global, Regional, National
•Service type
• Fixed service satellite (FSS)
• Broadcast service satellite (BSS)
• Mobile service satellite (MSS)
•General usage
• Commercial, Military, Amateur, Experimental
CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE ORBITS
• Based on Eccentricity
• Circular with center at earth’s center
• Elliptical with one foci at earth’s center

• Based on the inclination, i, over the equatorial plane:

• Equatorial orbit above earth’s equator ( i=0°)
• Polar orbit passes over both poles (i=90°)
• Other orbits referred to as inclined orbits (0°< i <90°)

• Altitude of satellites
• Geostationary Orbit (GEO)
• Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
• Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
GEOSTATIONARY EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE (GEO)
• In the equatorial plane
• Orbital period = 23 h 56 m 4.091 s
= 1 sidereal day*
• Satellite appears to be stationary over any point on equator:
• Earth rotates at same speed as satellite
• orbits 22,000 miles (36,000 km) above the Earth
• Avg. Radius of earth = 6378.14 km
• 3 satellites can cover the earth (120° apart)
• Always positioned over the same spot on Earth.
• No Handover
• Used by TV and weather satellites
MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE (MEO)
• Circular orbit at an altitude in the range of 5000 to 12,000 km
• Orbit period of 6 hours
• Diameter of coverage is 10,000 to 15,000 km
• Maximum satellite visible time is a few hours
• Altitude: 10,000 – 15,000 km
• 10 to 15 satellites for global coverage
• Infrequent handover
• Mostly used in navigation
• GPS, Galileo, Glonass
LOW EARTH ORBIT SATELLITE ( LEO )
•Altitude: 700 – 2,000 km
•More than 32 satellites for global coverage
•Frequent handover
•Lower emitter power, better connections
•Orbit period: ~2 hr
•Applications:
•Earth observation
•Googleearth image providers (digitalglobe, etc.)
•Communications
•Search and Rescue (SAR)
CAPACITY ALLOCATION STRATEGIES
• FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA)
• FIXED-ASSIGNMENT MULTIPLE ACCESS (FAMA-FDMA)
• The sub-channel assignments are of a fixed allotment. Ideal for broadcast satellite
communication.
• DEMAND-ASSIGNMENT MULTIPLE ACCESS (DAMA-FDMA)
• The sub-channel allotment changes based on demand. Ideal for point to point
communication.

• The number of sub-channels is limited by three factors:

• Thermal noise (too weak a signal will be effected by background noise).
• Intermodulation noise (too strong a signal will cause noise).
• Crosstalk (cause by excessive frequency reusing).
…CONT..D

• TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA )

• Breaks a transmission into multiple time slots, each one dedicated to a different
transmitter.
• TDMA is increasingly becoming more widespread in satellite communication.
• TDMA uses the same techniques (FAMA and DAMA) as FDMA does.

• ADVANTAGES OVER FDMA

• Digital equipment used in time division multiplexing is increasingly becoming cheaper.
• There are advantages in digital transmission techniques. Ex: error correction.
• Lack of intermodulation noise means increased efficiency.
 SATELLITE TRANSMISSION BANDS
Frequency Band Downlink Uplink

C 3,700-4,200 MHz 5,925-6,425 MHz

Ku 11.7-12.2 GHz 14.0-14.5 GHz

Ka 17.7-21.2 GHz 27.5-31.0 GHz

The C band is the most frequently used. The Ka and Ku bands are reserved exclusively for satellite communication but are subject to rain
attenuation.
ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
• Can reach over large geographical area
• Flexible (if transparent transponders)
• Easy to install new circuits
• Circuit costs independent of distance
• Broadcast possibilities
• Temporary applications (restoration)
• Mobile applications (especially "fill-in")
• Terrestrial network "by-pass"
• Provision of service to remote or underdeveloped areas
• User has control over own network
• 1-for-n multipoint standby possibilities
DISADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
• Expensive to set up and maintain (space segment and launch)
• Terrestrial break even distance expanding: As the cost of Satellite Circuit is
independent of distance on the Earth between the two ends, whilst the cost of a
terrestrial circuit is approximately directly proportional to that distance, This
breakeven distance varies according to the size of the route, growth rate, and any
special networking requirements.
• Interference and propagation delay
• Congestion of frequencies and orbits
• Needs line of sight
• Can lose signal out of footprint or in built up areas
SOME APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITES
List of satellites currently in use

• TELEPHONE
• TELEVISION
• RADIO BROADCASTING
• AMATEUR RADIO
• INTERNET ACCESS( BROADBAND,IOS,IOT,M2M)

• MILITARY (
TRACKING,DETECTION…)
 O U !! !
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