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A. BENIGN TUMORS.
In general these are designated by attachyng
the suffic “oma” to the cell origin.
From fibroblastic cells called fibroma.
From cartilaginous tumor is a chondroma.
From osteoblast is an osteoma.
Adenoma that form glandular patern.
Papiloma: macroscopy & microscopically
visible finger like.
Cystadenoma: those that form cyctic masses.
Polyp: when neoplasm benign or malignant
produces a macroscopy visible projection
above a mucosal surface and projects.
Malignant tumors arising in mesenchymal
tissue are usually called SARCOMA.
E.g: Fibrosarcoma, Liposarcoma,
Leiomyosarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma.
B.RATE OF GROWTH.
Most benign tumors grow slowly over a
period of years, where as most cancers grow
rapidly.
In general the growth rate of tumors
correlates with their level of diferentiation
and thus most malignant tumor growth more
rapidly than do benign lesion.
C. LOCAL INVASION.
Nearly all benign tumors grow as cohessive
expansile masses that remain to their site of
origin and do not have the capacity to
infiltrate, invade or metastasis to distant sites
Usually develop a rim of compressed
connedted tissue, some time called a fibrous
capsule.
A.Chemical carcinogenic:
E.g: alkilating agent, acylating agents,
nitrosamine, amides, vinylchlorides,
benzidine, hydrocarbon policyclic aromatic.
B. Radiation carcinogen:
-Ultraviolet rays.
-Electromagnetic (x rays, gamma rays,
particulate alfa,beta, proton, netron.
C.Viral carcinogen.
1.DNA oncogenic viruses.
-Human papilloma virus (HPV).
Definitely cause benign squamous papiloma
also been implicated in genesis of several
cancer particulary squamous cell carcinoma
of the servix.
-Epstein Barr Viruses (EBV).
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma & Burkitt’s
lymphoma tumor associated with EBV.
3.Heriditary:
Familial retinoblastoma, adenomatous polyp,
neurofibromatosis.
Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer.
4.Aquired preneoplastic disorders:
-About 80% of hepatocellular carcinoma arise
in cirrhotic liver.
-The chronic atrophic gastritis of pernicious
anemia, Solar keratosis of the skin, Chronic
ulcerative colitis, Leukoplakia of the oral
cavity, vulva & penis have association with
cancer.
1.Histologic methods
2.Cytologic methods.
-Pap’s smear (papaniculauo smear).
-Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB).
3. Vries coop (VC).
4. Imunohistochemistry.
The avaibility of specific monoclonal
antibodies has greatly facilitated the
identification of cell pruducts or surface
marker.
5.Molecular diagnosis.
Flow cytometry.
6.Tumor markers:
-Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Significan elevetion in breast carcinoma,
colorectal CA, pancreatic CA, gastric CA.