3G Networks

IS 373
James Grate

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 Cellular Standards
 “Generations”
• Early
 1G – analog, for voice only
 2G – digital, for voice
• Converts analog into digital before modulating
and transmitting
• Most cellular providers currently use this
technology
• Now
 Change in the needs of communication

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 Evolution from 2G to 3G
 GPRS
• Best-effort packet switched service used
for data transfer.
• Provides data rates from 56 kbps up to
114 kbps.
 EDGE
• Evolved from GPRS.
• Can be used for packet switched
applications.
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 Introduction of 3G
 Created by NTT docomo.
 Commercially launch on Oct 1, 2001
in Japan.
 Commercially released by major US
service provider Verizon Wireless in
Oct 2003.
 Based on ITU standards, primarily
IMT-2000.

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 3G Improvements
 Basic telephone with data
communication
 Higher speeds
• 144kbps to 348 kbps at driving speeds
• 384 kbps outside when still or slow
• 2Mbps to 14.4Mbps while or inside

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 3G Standards
 6 Air/Radio Interfaces
• W-CDMA
• CDMA 2000
• TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA
• EDGE
• DECT
• WiMax

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 Composition of 3G Networks
 Layered Network
• Top: Service Layer
• Middle: Control Layer
• Bottom: Connectivity Layer

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 Privacy and Security
 User Authentication
 Network Authentication
 Device Authentication
 Data Monitoring
 End to End
 Reliability and Robustness
 Cost of Service & Phones.
 Different Service Standards and
Costs.
 Cost vs. Revenue.
 Lack of Mobile Users.
 International Obstacles.

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 Interoperability and Support
 3G Enabled Devices
 3G Networks
 The Standard (IMT-2000)
 ITU and Member Support
• National Members
• ITU
• Carriers
Maintainability and Ease of Use
 3G Enabled Devices
 3G Networks
 The Standard (IMT-2000)
 4G
 Technology that allows you to
connect anywhere
 Automatic access technology
switches while maintaining TCP
connections
 System support for voice and video
over IP

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 4G Possibilities
Competitors for 4G
 Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

• 4G path for Wideband Code Division Multiple

Access/Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (W-CDMA/UMTS)
 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)

• 4G path for CDMA2000 operators

 IEEE 802.16m

• WiMax

All based on… OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiple Access) designed for 100+Mbps in wide-area
mobile apps

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 Progressing to 4G
 HSDPA/HSUPA
• High-Speed Downlink and Uplink Packet
Access
• “3.5G” – considered so because of high
speeds
 WiMax
• Some say this can also be 4G (Sprint)
• With OFDMA, this is faster than other
ways of connecting in 3G
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 4G Requirements
 High Quality of Service (QoS)
• Video and other services require this
• IP/MPLS can be used to guarantee this

 Spectrum
• 4G requires 20MHz or more in a swath
of spectrum
• Limited, mobile communications already
have allocated spectrum!

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 4G Spectrum
 700 Mhz band
• Benefit
 60% fewer cell sites
• Downside
 More customers = More $
 New frequency? New handsets/devices!
• US Federal Communications Commission
 Part of the band has been set aside for public
safety priority access

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 4G Implementation
 New, all-IP network
 LTE
• MIMO- Multiple Input Multiple Output
 Higher data rates with multiple antennas
 More reliability
 CDMA supporters (Verizon) may switch
 Pseudo wires
• 60% less expensive then TDM or ATM
per bit
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 4G Conclusion
 Until 4G is officially defined, the idea
behind it is to predict what end users
want
• Knowing that, networks need to be able
to deliver the desired services in high
quality.

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 References
 Kurose, James F. and Keith W. Ross. Computer Networking: A Top-
Down Approach Featuring the Internet. 3rd ed. New York: Pearson
Education, 2005.
 Luna, Lynnette. "The Long Road to 4G." Telephony (11 Dec.
2007): 12-18. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Van Houten
Library, Newark, NJ. 3 May 2009
<http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&A
N=28053259&site=ehost-live>.
 THRYFT, ANN. "3G WIRELESS DATA: about to break?." EDN 53.23
(13 Nov. 2008): 40-48. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Van
Houten Library, Newark, NJ. 3 May 2009
<http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&A
N=35457796&site=ehost-live>.
 Kaplan, Peter. “Verizon and AT&T dominate airwaves auction.”
Reuters. 20 March 2008. 3 May 2009
<http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSN2042023
420080320?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews>

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Questions?

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