Earthquake resistant

Design
Fundamentals & introduction to IS Code & ductile detailing

B.C. Shah
1
18th Nov 2015,Mumbai .
 Earthquake Design

What is an earthquake
Earthquake can be divided two categories depending upon
their origin.
1.Tectonics , which is dealing with movement of earth crust
along Fault .
2.Volcanic , associated with volcanic eruption or
subterranean movement of Magma.
2
 Earthquake - Theory

1. Most earthquakes are due to fragmentation of outer

shell.
2. Outer shell of earth consist of 7 large plates each plate
70 to 80 mile thick. In addition to that there are also over
dozen small plates exist. All these plates are sliding on
viscous mass. These plates are continuously sliding (0.4
ft/yr) & colliding with each other.
• Techtonic Plate
map
3. They sometimes get stuck with each other due to
Friction on plate edges.

4. During this process, initially the rock stores this energy

as a strain energy ,
but once stress overcome friction, the strain energy
exceeds the strength of rock & rock fractures . energy is
released.. The rock moves up & down , back & forth on
weak plane without any stresses.. Suddenly tremendous
energy thus releases.

1. Energy from this movement travels as seismic waves

along the ground surface and within the crust. The 3
arrival of this released energy is felt
 EQ. Terminology

..
Epicentral Dist. Epicenter
Observing Stn

Focal Depth
Fault
Plane
weak
plane
Hypocenter,
Focus

4
 Earthquake Magnitude & Intensity.
Magnitude:
• It measures the size & amount of
energy released. It is independent of
the place of observation.
• Quantitative measures
• Measured by seismograph
• Defined by Richter Scale
• Each Unit increase in scale
associated with Energy released by
31 times. e.g. Richter 6 is stronger
than Richter 5 by 31 times , 7 is
stronger by 1000 times richter 5.
31x31
Intensity
• Intensity of Eq. Denotes potential
destructiveness due to Eq at
particular location.
• Assignment of intensity is based on
interviews on in habitants &
observation.
• Defined by Modified Mercalli scale.
• Scale I to XII.
• Magnitude “6” in City & Desert is
same, but intensity is higher in City
compared to desert.. ,

Largest Recorded EQ on Richter scale is 9.5,(Chile 1960) Highest possible energy

stored by crustal rock without being ruptured.
Energy released by Richter 6.3 = 1945, Atomic bomb on Hiroshia!!!

5
 Lateral load resisting Structural Systems

1. Moment Resisting system (100 %

gravity & horz. force by frame)
2. Dual system (Minimum 25 %
Frame, rest by shear wall) 4
1
3. Bldg Frame system ( Gravity by
frame & Horz. force by Shear wall)
4. Bearing wall ( load bearing wall
Resist both horz. & vert.)
Structural system No.of Storey

Frame Up to 20 storey 2
(1) 3
Frame with Shear 40-70 Storey ( 2)
wall(Dual System)
Shear Wall 150 storey ( 3)
Selection of Structural System
Single Tube ( Closely 40-60 Storey
spaced Exterior col.)
Tube in tube 80-100 storey.
6
Lateral load resisting Structural Systems

Famous sears Tower

of Chicago is
designed with this
technique

7
 More definitions
• Crust : Upper layer of earth surface varying from 5 to 60 km
( thinner in sea bed, thick on continent)

• Damping: dissipation of energy during vibration due to internal

& Ext. Friction. often expressed as % of critical Damping.

• Critical Damping: It is amount of damping which causes

oscillation to die out and return to equilibrium faster than any
other damping.

• Response Spectra: A response spectrum is simply a plot of

the Response (displacement, velocity or acceleration) of a
series of structures of varying natural frequency, that are forced
into motion by the same base vibration .

• Ductility: Ductility of a member or Structure is the capacity to

undergo large inelastic deformation without significant loss of
strength or stiffness.

• Static & Dynamic loading: If Static load is applied to a col ,

it’s Internal force can be calculated by simple static.

Dynamic loading: If the same load is applied

Dynamically, time varying deflection involve accn. ,which
generate inertia force f(y,t) . The internal force must
balance external applied load & inertia force. Inertia force
depends on rate of loading, flexibility & mass. 8
 Miscellaneous
Damping System:
• Active & passive damping- Still in infancy.
• Reduce Amplitude, increases Damping.

• Active mass damper: large mass usually

of Large concrete block or Steel. is
suspended like a pendulum by a cable at
top of structure . When the EQ or wind
makes bldg sway, computer sensing the
motion, send signals to a motor to move
counter weight in opposite direction to
neutralize the effect of earthquake. This
system reduces EQ force by 50 % , while
increasing wt of bldg by 1 % only. This
system is largely on Experimental stage.
( Japan)
Passive dampers: More popular. similar to
above , but without motor & computer
sensor. A tuned mass damper TMD
( Specific weight depending upon bldg wt ,
location of wt, lag time etc) suspended at
top . Famous example is on top of 59
storey of City Corp bldg, New York, where
400 ton concrete tuned mass is located.
On top. ground movement
9
 Response Spectra

• Response spectra are very useful tools • Frequency : Low to high

of earthquake engineering for analyzing the
performance of structures and equipment in
earthquakes
• Thus, if you can find out the natural frequency of
the structure, then the peak response of the
building can be estimated by reading the value from
the ground response spectrum
• As mentioned earlier, the ground response
spectrum is the response plot done at the free
surface of the earth. Significant seismic damage
may occur if the building response is 'in tune' with
components of the ground motion (resonance),
which may be identified from the response
spectrum.
• This was observed in the 1985 Mexico City
Earthquake [1]where the oscillation of the deep-soil
lake bed was similar to the natural frequency of
mid-rise concrete buildings, causing significant
damage. Shorter (stiffer) and taller (more
flexible) buildings suffered less damage.

10
11
 Basic Approach to design…

• Do not design structure to respond elastically. ( no cracks!! )

Un Economical !!.

• Code recommend for much lesser force than actual - Allow structure to
Crack- Dissipate energy- reduce effect of earthquake.

• Ductile detailing – Yielding at at critical Junction

• In fill wall – By friction dissipate energy..

• Flexure failure – before Shear Failure !! Strong Col.. Weak Beam !!

12
 Remember...

Code specifies Earthquake design , so that …

Structure Respond “no major damage” to moderate earthquake

&

Respond without “total Collapse” to major earthquake.

The code is not intended to lay standard so that no

structure shall suffer any damage during
earthquake of all magnitudes .
13
 Earthquake revision in IS code

1. After Killari earthquake, Code is revised Zone I is merged with zone II , & the seismic Map
only shows now zone II to V . ( Zone I does not exist now)

2. In view of serious damage observed in irregular bldgs. Torsional eccentricity has been made
more stringent.( Vertical (Soft storey, geometry ) & horz (in plan))

3. Lower bound (Max) value based on Empirical equation specified for the design base shear of
bldg.( Spectra & Empirical ).

4. Response spectra is now revised based on soil Parameter. ( 5 % Damping chart )

5. In latest IS 13920.. All structure in Zone 2, 3 , 4, 5 requires Ductile detailing –

(irrespective of wind governing case)

14
Seismic Zone of India..

Zone Expected
Seismic Intensity.
( Mod Mercalli
Scale )
I & II VI or less

III VII

IV VIII

V IX

15
 IS 1893:2002 - General principles & Design Criteria

• 6.1.1 Predominant dirn of vibration is Horizontal.

Verical Accn: Consider for cantilever, long span & P/T structure.

• 6.1.3 Actual force on structure >> designed force, How ever ductility arising
from inelastic material are relied upon

• 6.1.5 Lateral restrained if provided in both orthogonal direction, design force

shall be applied in one dirn. At a time.

• 6.2 b ………EQ will not work simultaneously with wind.

• 6.2.a ………….No resonance. Because ground accn changes , Period & amplitude ,
each lasting for small duration. Resonance need time to built up.

• 6.3.2.2 If lateral load resisting system ( Shear wall or frame) , if provided are not in two
orthogonal direction , the Lateral load applied in each direction ELx + 0.3 Ely &
Ely+0.3 Elx. 16
 6.3.5…….

• 6.3.5.1 Increase in stress: Elastic design 33 % When eq load is

combined with other design forces.

• 6.3.5.2 increase in Stress in Soil .. Varies from 25 % to 50 %

•
• 6.3.5.2…Soil, If SPT value ,

N<10 in Zone II
N < 15 in Zone III, IV , V

EQ will cause liquefaction of soil due to vibration, Such site should be

avoided for important project, or use piles. Or alternatively by soil
stabilization N value should be improved.

17
 Earthquake Design-IS 1893

• 6.4.2 Design Base shear :

Vb=Ah x W , Where Ah= Seismic Horz. Coefficient

Ah=ZISa/2Rg, W = Seismic Weight

Table 2. Z= Zone Factor …………… Zone II Zone III Zone IV Zone V

0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36
I= importance factor ( range 1 to 1.5)
Sa = spectral Acceleration
R= Response reduction Factor
RCC:
R=3 ………for Ordinary mmt resisting frame ( Only for Zone II)
R=5……………for Special mmt resisting frame (Zone III,IV , V)
R= 1.5 for un reinforced frame ( Load bearing wall)
R= 2.5 for load bearing wall with RC Band
18
 Earthquake Design-IS 1893

Steel Frame :
R = 4 for Concentric braces
R= 5 for Eccentric Braces ( Ductile)
Factor 2= MCE(max considered eq ) / DCE (Design considered EQ)

• W= Seismic weight , which is Full Dead + approprite % LL*

25 % LL( for 5kn/m2), 50% for ( for 3kn/m2)

T= 0.075h^0.75………RC Frame.Use only when there is no brick infill e.g

Preheater ( 7.6.1)

T= 0.085h^0.75………Steel Frame Use only when there is no brick infill

T=0.09xH/√d…………All other bldg with Brick in fill, incl. moment resisting

frame. (7.6.2)

19
 Earthquake Design-IS 1893

• 6.4.5 Design vertical spectra when required = 2/3 X Horz spectra. (cantilever, long

span & P/T tructure. )

• Fig 2 shows spectra for Rocky & soil sites with 5 % damping.

• For other damping value table 3 multiplying factor shall be used.

Damping % 0 2 5 7 10 15 20 25 30

3.2 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.55 0.5

Factor

Table 3

20
 Seismic Spectra…

Rock
dissipation of
energy is more
, less Accn!!

Steel 2-5 %
Conc 5-10 %
This spectra is based on 3 most destructive earthquake observed in USA. 21
 Distribution of design force

• 7.7.1 Design base shear Vb shall be distributed along the height of bldg as per
following expression.

Qi= Vb * Wihi2/ ΣWihi2

Qi = design lateral force

Hi= Height of Ith floor from base.

22
 7.0 Buildings

• 7.1 Regular &Irregular blds.

• Regular bldg suffer less loss in EQ.
• Irregular bldg suffer more loss .
Irregularities … Mass ( Wt >200 % adj floor)
Vertical ( horz dim>150 % adjacent floor)

Torsional (center of mass & Rigidity not coincide)

Re entrant corners( 15 % increase or reduction

in dimensions)
Stiffness ( stiffness < 70 % above, or < 80 % average of 3
floor above)

23
Irregular structures

Torsional irreg , when Max storey drift with

design eccn >1.2 X ave. at two end

24
Irregular structures

25
26
 Earthquake Design

7.8 Dynamic analysis required for the followings.

Regular bldg in zone II & III , Having Height>90m

Regular bldg in zone IV & V , Having Height>40m
Irregular bldg in zone II & III , Having Height>40m
Irregular bldg in zone IV & V , Having Height>12m
(All irregular buildings lesser than 40m - in zone II & III - dynamic analysis is
recommended- even though it’s not mandatory)

Time History or Response spectra method can be used for Dynamic Analysis.

However in either method the design base shear shall be compared with
Design base shear from Empirical formula & higher value shall be used for
design.

27
 Torsion ( IS Code)

• 7.9 Torsional moment shall be added in all bldg arising due to static eccentricity.
Design Eccn = 1.5 x e static + .05 b

.05 is due to accidental torsion ( seismic wave may not be uniform across bldg. b = Dimn. perp. To direction of force.

Negative torsion not to be considered in design .

• 7.10.1 In soft storey, such as stilt for parking Special confining steel shall be provided throughout
& lateral stiffness shall be increased. (Increase column size)

• 7.10.2 & 7.10.3 , In Soft storey , Dynamic analysis is to be carried out with the effect of strength &
stiffness of Infill walls , If not, alternatively Beam & col. are to be designed for 2.5 times Moment &
shear calculated under seismic load. (Neglect the infill effect of all other storey)

• 7.11 Storey drift: Max permitted shall be 0.004 * storey height . ( Except one storey).For one storey
there is no limitation.

28
 Important Notes Do’s & Don’t s

• While planning ,avoid force concentration by making structure simple,

symmetrical.

• Avoid re entrant corner.

• Avoid Torsion, Center of Rigidity & mass should be at same loaction as far
as possible. static eccn. Min) .Lift shaft , if used as shear wall, should be
symmetrical or in center.

• Control inter storey drift, which is more critical than overall deflection.

• Don’t change size of principle member (ex. columns) suddenly.

• Prevent hammering, If different portion of bldgs are not tied together, should
be separated by sufficient distance to avoid hammering during EQ.
29
 General Philosophy Ductile behavior
1. Control of energy Dissipation:
• In structure beams are not as crucial as column for stability consideration.
Beams are easy to repair compared to col & shear walls.
• Code specifies design based on inelastic deformation of beam , only in
maximum earthquake condition some in elasticity is permitted in columns.
• Intentionally weakened beam act as “structural fuse” , preset the
commencement of yielding , thus control dissipation of energy in certain
members.
2. Confinement Reinforcement ( links):
• During moderate to strong earthquake critical region experience repeated
reversal of forces.
• Links in critical area ensures ductile behavior of flexure steel by increasing
strength & STRAIN capacity of concrete member.
• Increase in strength of concrete compensate for reduction in loss of conc
strength due to spalling.
• Links as two purpose one, to resist shear & prevent diagonal cracks & secondly
to confine concrete where inelastic action takes place . 30
Break!!! 10 Min…
31
 Ductile detailing, IS-13920
• 1.1.1. Ductile Detailing is must
for Sesmic Zone III, IV & V. ( As
per IS 13920 1993, Reaffirmed
code)
• Section 5.3 Specifies Min Grade
of Concrete M20
• Steel , TMT (thermo mechanically
treated) with Fy=500/550
permitted , having elongation more
than 14.5%
• Reason: Decrease in Concrete
strength & increase in Steel yield
stress reduces rotational ductility
of member in flexure.
• Min Area specified to avoid sudden
failure in lightly loaded structure.
• Max area specified to ensure flexure
failure is by yielding of steel i.e.ductile
behavior, Code ensures Diagonal
strength ( Shear) is much higher than
flexure.
32
 Ductile detailing, IS-13920

Flexural members beam

(axial load <.1 Fck, width/depth.0.3
b.>200 mm)

• 6.2.1 ρ min= 0.24 (√Fck/Fy)

• ρ max = .025
• 6.2.3 Positive steel has to be >1/2
Negative steel at that support .
• 6.2.4 Steel at top & bottom of support
at any support hould be greater than
¼ of max negative steel at either
support.
• No redistribution permitted for EQ
mmt.

33
 Concrete V/s Steel

Concrete : Steel :
• Concrete is Brittle & Less • More Ductile.
Ductile in shear.
Some ductility achieved by • Light weight, more favored
special detailing . abroad for high rise.

• Due to heavy dead wt, • More expensive.

More earth quake , Not
favorable for high rise.

• Less expensive.

34
 Ductile detailing, IS-13920

• 6.2.5 ..Anchorage length LD+ 10Db

• 6.3.5..Stirrups: for length 2d from

support , spacing <d/4, 8 times dia. of
longitudinal bar but >=100mm. rest of
length spacing<d/2.

• 6.2.6…Lap Splice in beam .

Lap> Ld,

Hoops spacing< 150

Lap should not be provided within

joint,within 2d from joint, within quarter
span. (away from flexural yield point)

35
 UBC
• 1921.3.3.1 Beam Detail:
– In beam Special Hoop steel shall be extended from face upto length = 2D

– Maximum spacing <d/4, 8 times dia. of longitudinal bar, 24 x dia of Hoop bar or 24” (305 mm)

– rest of length spacing<d/2.

• Column Detail :
• 1921.8.5 Special confining reinf. To be provided where Flexure yielding may occure during EQ. the
length Lo > Maximum lateral dimension of member ,
>Clear span/6,
> 18” = 457 mm

1921.8.5 Special confinement hoop spacing shall be <8 dia of long. Bar
< 24 times dia of tie bar
< ½ least lateral dimension of member
< 12 inch , ie 305 mm

36
Ductile detailing, IS-13920

7.0 Flexural & framing members

Column (axial load >.1 Fck,
b/d>0.4 )
• 7.2.1 ..Lap splice only in central half.Hoop
spacing< 150

• 7.3.3. Link spacing < least lateral dim/2

( Except in confining zone )

• 7.4.1 Special confining reinf. To be

provided where Flexure yielding may
occure during EQ. the length Lo =
smallest of……………….
Least lateral dim, Clear span/6, 450mm

7.4.6 Special confinement hoop spacing

shall be < d/4, >75 & < 100mm

37
 Ductile detailing, IS-13920

• 7.3.2 Link dimensions

• 7.3.4 Design shear for column : This

is based on plastic hinge formation at
beam & col junction at both the face.
Vu=1.4(Mul +Mur)/h &
Calculated factored shear asper
analysis
Net shear=375+225-80.6=519.4

38
 Ductile detailing, IS-13920

• 7.4.2.. when col terminates in

Ftg or mat . Special
reinforcement should extend 300
mm into ftg. ( fig10)
• 7.4.3… when point of contra
flexure due to gravity & EQ load
is not within middle half of col.
Special confining rein. shall be
provided throughout col.
• 7.4.4 When col. is supporting
“reaction” from discontinued
stiff /shear wall ,special reingf
shall be continued through out
col & Ld beyond discontinued
edge. ( fig 11)

39
 Ductile detailing, IS-13920
7.4.5 ..Special confining reinf. is to be provided
through out column , when there is sudden change in
stiffness due to mezzanine floor or discontinued wall.
( fig 12)

7.4.6 Special confinement hoop spacing shall be

< d/4, >75 & < 100mm .
8.2 , Joint where all 4 side beam is framing, the
spacing of special confining hoop can be reduced to
half. Spacing need not exceed 150mm . ( fig 9)
7.4.8.. Ash=0.18XShFCK/Fy(Ag/Ak-1)
Ash= area of confining hoop
S=spacing,
h= longer dimn of hoop
Ag= Gross area of col
Ak= Confined core area

40
Cypress_Freeway_1957_(Before earthquake)

41
Cypress_Freeway_1989_(After earthquake)

42
Freeway_(Earthquake-sheared column failure)

43
 Shear Wall - General

• 9 .Shear Wall : It is wall designed to resist lateral load in its own

plane.
• 9.1.1 Thickness min. 150mm
• 9.1.3 For flanged wall , Effective width for design < half c/c to adjacent
wall
< 1/10 wall height
• 9.1.4 Wall Longitudinal & transverse Reinforcement Min As =.025 Ag
• 9.1.5 … If Vu > .25 √fck or if wall tw> 200 mm , provide 2 layer reinf.
• 9.1.6 Reinforcement dia ≤1/10 wall thickness.
• 9.1.7 Spacing of Reinf. ≤ Lw/5, 3 tw,or 450

44
 Shear wall - Shear & Flexure

• 9.2 Shear :
• 9.2.5 If σv > σc , Horz. shear reinf to be provided
• Vus = 0.87* Fy*Ah*Dw/Sv ( Dw= Depth of wall sect =0.8 Lw)
• Vus = Vu –Tc*Tw*d

• 9.3 Flexure:
• Design is similar to col. for combined Axial & bending as per IS 456.
• 9.3.3 If Wall has no boundary element, at end of wall 4 bars of 12 dia in 2
layers reqd.
• 9.4 ..Boundary element, are portion at end of wall edges that are
strengthen by Longitudinal & trans. reinforcement to resist lateral load,
They may have same or different thickness as then wall.

45
 Shear wall - Flexure

• 9.4.2 If factored Axial Comp Stress in extreme fiber Fc > 0.2 fck , boundary
element is provided along vertical boundary. Can be discontinued after
stress reduces to 0.15 fck
• 9.4.2 Axial comp = axial load due to gravity + axial load due to EQ moment
= Pa + ( Mu-Muv)/Cw
Mu = Design moment, Muv =Moment resisted
by vert. reinf of wall
9.4.4………. A min 0.8 % . A max = 6 % ( 4 % preferred)
9.4.5 ... Special confining steel required throughout boundary element.

Boundary
Element

Cw
46
 Earthquake Design for Steel structure

1. Moment connection
• OMF: UBC 2213.6 Ordinary moment resisting frame: This
type of frame is permitted but not recommended , since the
design is based on elastic deformation & therefore only
used where seismic force is low & design is governed by
wind. It is costlier compared to SMRF.

• SMRF: UBC 2213.7 Special moment resisting frame.

( Ductile) Plastic hinges is formed in beams & columns.,

• Side plate Technology eliminate reliance on panel zone .

• Connection should be detailed with beam flange continuity

plate.

47
 Braced Frame

1. Shear connection Preferred system

1. Concentrically braced frames: “V” or Inverted “ v “ , “ X”

1. Eccentrically braced frames:

• In this case small link beam is used between the braces . This is called link beam.

Link beam act as a stress reliever in case of earthquake.

.
• Link beam , In low to moderate EQ, the frame behave as a braced frame, with a limited drift , & With
minimal damage.
• In high EQ this frame behave as a moment frame, The link beam yields , absorbs large quantity of seismic
energy & prevent buckling of main bracing member. To limit yielding & to prevent web buckling web
stiffeners are needed at link beam.
• Except link , beam column & bracing remain elastic under the maximum force,that is generated by fully
yelded links.

48
49
 Northridge Earthquake Case study & Revision in UBC 1994

• Statistics:
1. Year 1994 Magnitude 6.6
2. Duration 8 sec. Horz accn = 0.93g
3. Vert accn 0.25g Damage 15 Billion
4. 15000 bldg collapse & 200 SMRF frame damaged
• Observation:
1. Braced framed performed well
2. OMRF connection failed in major cases, weld cracked
3. Beams , no evidence elastic deformation & yielding.
4. Failure : all brittle instead ductile
• Reason:
1. Primary reason is failure lacks ductility
2. R = 12 assumed , actual behavior R=3 -4
3. Poor weld quality, weld material , Lower side flange, due to overhead welding.
4. Nature of EQ , More vertical than usual , longer

50
 Northridge Earthquake Case study & Revision in UBC 1994

5. Vertical accn increased the wt to be

supported by connection, Vertical accn
was not taken in design.
6. Ductile behavior is difficult in vertical
accn. state, fracture in such case is
easy mechanism to dissipate energy
than plastic yielding, resulted in brittle
failure.

• Conclusion & recommendation

1. Typical beam column connection is not
allowed in high seismic zone due to low
ductility in revised UBC, Link beam &
side plate beams are recommended
for higher EQ>
2. In stead of full penetration , Fillet weld
recommended in connection with side
plate ,

51
 Miscellaneous
Damping System:
• Active & passive damping- Still in infancy.
• Reduce Amplitude, increases Damping.

• Active mass damper: large mass usually

of Large concrete block or Steel. is
suspended like a pendulum by a cable at
top of structure . When the EQ or wind
makes bldg sway, computer sensing the
motion, send signals to a motor to move
counter weight in opposite direction to
neutralize the effect of earthquake. This
system reduces EQ force by 50 % , while
increasing wt of bldg by 1 % only. This
system is largely on Experimental stage.
( Japan)
Passive dampers: More popular. similar to
above , but without motor & computer
sensor. A tuned mass damper TMD
( Specific weight depending upon bldg wt ,
location of wt, lag time etc) suspended at
top . Famous example is on top of 59
storey of City Corp bldg, New York, where
400 ton concrete tuned mass is located.
On top. ground movement
52