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PREREQUISITE MATHEMATICS

REVIEW

Dian Ermawati, S.farm,Apt


NUMBERS AND NUMERALS
 A number is a total quantity or amount, whereas a
numeral is a word, sign, or group of words and
signs representing a number

ARABIC AND ROMAN NUMERALS


Roman number Arabic number
I (or i) 1
II (or ii) 2
III or (iii) 3
IV (or iv) 4
V (or v) 5
VI (or vi) 6
VII (or vii) 7
VIII (or viii) 8
IX (or ix) 9
X (or x) 10
XX (or xx) 20
XXX (or xxx) 30
L (or l) 50
C (or c) 100
D (or d) 500
M (or m) 1000
 Arabic number dalam resep dokter umumnya digunakan untuk menulis jumlah
bahan obat dengan satuan berat atau volume (misal: miligram, gram, mililiter).

 Sedangkan roman numeral umumnya digunakan untuk menulis jumlah bahan obat
atau sediaan dengan satuan kapsul, tablet, ampul, sendok, tetes dan
sebagainya.

Contoh :
Cara penulisan resep :
R/ Dektrometorphan 15 mg
SL. q.s.
m.f.l.a. pulv. dtd. No.X
s.t.dd. Pulv I
In the usage of Roman numerals,
the following set of rules apply:

(1) When a Roman numeral is repeated, it doubles its value; when a Roman
numeral is repeated three times, it triples its value.
Examples:
I=1,II=2,III=3
X=10,XX=20,XXX=30

(2) When Roman numeral(s) of lesser value follows one of a greater value,
they are added.

Examples:
VII = 5 + 1 + 1 = 7
XVI = 10 + 5 + 1 = 16
(3) When Roman numeral(s) of lesser value precedes one of a greater value,
they are subtracted from the greater value numeral.
Examples:
IV = 5 − 1 = 4
IX = 10 − 1 = 9

(4) When Roman numeral of a lesser value is placed between two greater
values, it is first subtracted from the greater numeral placed after it, and
then that value is added to the other numeral(s) (i.e., subtraction rule
applies first, then the addition rule).
Examples:
 XXIX = 10 + 10 + (10 − 1) = 29

 XIV = 10 + (5 − 1) = 14
(5) Roman numerals may not be repeated more than three times
in succession.
Example: 4 is written as IV but not as IIII
(6) When possible, largest value numerals should be used.
Example: 15 is written as XV but not as VVV
• Write the following in Roman numerals
a. 15
b. 23
c. 16
d. 8
Convert the following Roman numeral to Arabic
numeral
a. xlvi
b. lxxiv
c. xlvii
d. xxxix
Perform the following operation and indicate your
answer in Arabic
a. XII + VII
b. XXVI − XII
c. XXIV : VI
d. XIX × IX
 Perform the following operation and indicate your
answer in roman
a.18 + 13
b. 48 - 6
c. 625 : 25
d.17 + 15 + 23 − 6
Interpret the quantity in each of the following
 a. Caps. no. lxiv

 b. Tabs no. xlvii

 c. Pil. no. xlv

 d. Caps. no. xvi


FRACTIONS

 A fraction is a portion of a whole number. Fractions contain two numbers: the bottom
number (referred to as denominator) and the top number (referred to as
numerator). The denominator in the fraction is the total number of parts into which
the whole number is divided. The numerator in the fraction is the number of parts we
have.
A proper fraction should always be less than 1, i.e., the numerator is smaller than the
denominator.
Examples:
5/8, 7/8, 3/8
A proper fraction such as 3/8 may be read as ‘‘3 of 8 parts’’ or as ‘‘3 divided
by 8.’’
An improper fraction has a numerator that is equal to or greater than the denominator.
It is therefore equal to or greater than one.
 A bottle of Children’s OBH combi® contains 30
teaspoonfuls of liquid. If each dose is 1⁄2 teaspoonful,
how many doses are available in this bottle?
 A prescription contains 3/5 g of ingredient A, 2/4 g
of ingredient B, 6/20 g of ingredient C, and 4/15 g
of ingredient D. Calculate the total weight of the four
ingredients in the prescription?
 A patient needs to take 1⁄2 tablet of Medication A and 11⁄2 tablets of
Medication B, both three times a day for 7 days. How many tablets does
the patient receive over seven days for each of the medication?
 A pharmacist had 10 g of codeine sulfate. If he used it in preparing 5
capsules each containing 0.025 g, 10 capsules each containing 0.010 g,
and 12 capsules each containing 0.015 g, how many g of codeine sulfate
were left after he prepared all the capsules?
 A tablet contains 1/20 gr of ingredient A, 1/4 gr of ingredient B, 1/12
gr of ingredient C, and enough of ingredient D to make a total of 20 gr.
How many grains of ingredient D are in the tablet?
Rasio dan Proporsi
Definisi : Besar relatif dua kuantitas yang sama
disebut ratio (misalnya, 1:4)
Suatu proporsi merupakan pernyataan kesamaan dua
ratio (misalnya 1:4 = 4 :16)
question
Cataflam is available in a strength of 50 mg. If a
prescription is written for 100 mg daily for three
weeks as directed, how many tablets should be
dispensed?
Answer
Kekuatan cataflam 50 mg
Pada resep tertulis 100 mg dalam sehari selama 3
minggu (21 hari)
Tablet yang harus diberikan
Sekali minum 2 tablet dikalikan 21 hari = 42 tablet
Question
 Jika pada resep tertulis lanoxin tablet 0,375
mg,ternyata di apotek hanya tersedia generik dari
lanoxin yaitu digoxin tablet 0,125 mg, dan
diperbolehkan untuk mengganti resep tersebut,
berapa jumlah digoxin tablet yang diberikan?
Answer
Lanoxin tablet 0,375 mg
Digoxin tablet 0,125 mg

Yang diberikan : 0,375 mg : 0,125 mg = 3 tablet


Question
Apoteker memberikan 12 tablet phenobarbital 32
mg. Pada resep tertulis diminum 3 kali sehari.
Berapa hari obat tersebut akan habis?
Answer
12 tablet dibagi 3 = 4 hari
Question
Dalam resep tertulis ambillah Sulfametoxazol 80 mg
sebanyak 3 tablet untuk membuat kapsul sebanyak
12 kapsul, ternyata di apotek Saudara yang ada
hanya Sulfametoxazol 160 mg, Berapa tabletkah
yang harus anda ambil?
Answer
Sulfametoxazol 80 mg = 3 tablet
Sulfametoxazol 160 mg = 1,5 tablet
Jika tiga tablet mengandung 975 mg aspirin, berapa
miligram aspirin yang terkandung dalam 12 tablet?
Answer
3 (tablet) = 12 (tablet)
975 (mg) x mg
3x = 975 x 12
x = 975 x12
3
x = 3.900 mg
Question
Jika suatu sirup obat batuk mengandung
Dekstrometorpan 15 mg dalam setiap 5 ml, berapa
miligram obat yang terkandung dalam 120 ml
wadah sirup tersebut?
Answer
15 (mg) = x (mg)
5 (mL) 120 (mL)
X = 15 x120
5
X = ......... mg
 a. Jika suatu sirup obat antimual mengandung
Domperidon 2 mg dalam setiap 5 ml, berapa
miligram obat Domperidon yang terkandung dalam
120 ml wadah sirup tersebut?
 b. Dalam resep tertulis ambillah tablet salbutamol 4
mg sebanyak 12 tablet untuk 10 kapsul. Di apotek
hanya tersedia salbutamol 2 mg, Berapakah tablet
salbutamol yang harus diambil?
Significant Figures

A significant figure is any digit that represents a quantity in the place in


which it stands.
The number zero is considered as a significant figure when it is placed
between digits. However, if a zero is used only to locate the
decimal point, it is not considered significant. For example, in the number
0.00050, the three zeros immediately following the decimal point merely used
to show the location of the decimal point, and thus, are not significant. However
the zero following the number 5 is significant. Thus, in the value 1.500, both
zeros are significant. When the number 1500 is expressed as 1.5 × 103, it
contains two significant figures.
The rules of expressing significant figures
are as follows:
 (1) A zero, when placed between digits, is considered to be
significant. For
example, 4.005 has 4 significant figures.
 (2) One or more final zeros placed to the right of the
decimal point may be considered to be significant.
For example, 2.0050 has 5 significant figures.
 (3) A zero, when used only to locate the decimal point, is not
considered significant.
For example, 0.00025 has only 2 significant figures.
 Some examples of significant figures are listed in Table C.1.
TABLE Significant Figures
Number of Significant
Number Figures

15. 2
15.5 3
1.555 4
15.555 5
155.0 4
0.0015 2
15.0005 6
1.5 × 102 2
1.55 × 10−3 3
Terimakasih

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