Seminar Topic:- Programming

Ddfgby of PLC (Ladder Programming)

Presented By:-
Guided By:-
Shubam Sharma
Mr. Jamini Sharma
1731/15
H.O.D , ECE Dept
7th sem, ECE Dept
 Contents
• Introduction to Automation.
• What is PLC?
• Programming Languages of PLC.
• Ladder Programming.
• Symbols Used in Ladder Programming.
• Advantages of Ladder Programming.
• Examples of Ladder Programming.
 What is Automation?
Automation is the use of various control systems and
machines for operating, monitoring and controlling
various equipments and processes in factories,
Industries and at homes with minimal or no human
intervention.

Source: https://goo.gl/images/i9Wvuk
• This Automation can be achieved by using IOT,
microcontrollers, PLC etc.
 What is PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)?
• PLC is a digital electronic device used to control machines and various processes.
• It uses a programmable memory to store instructions.
• The instructions used for implementing specific function such as logic, sequencing,
timing, counting and arithmetic to control various types of machines or
processes.
• It is specifically designed to make programming
easy.
• Its programming is primarily concerned with
implementing logic and switching operations.

Source : https://goo.gl/images/DGurce
Programming Languages of PLC:-
IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 1131-3 is the international standard
for programmable controller programming languages. The following is a list of
programming languages specified by this standard:
1) Ladder diagram (LD):- Ladder logic diagram is the main programming method
used for PLC's. It is a symbolic and schematic representation of both the process
hardware and process control.
2) Sequential Function Charts (SFC):- SFC have been developed to accommodate the
programming of more advanced systems. These are similar to flowcharts, but
much more powerful.
3) Function Block Diagram (FBD):- FBD is another graphical programming language.
The main concept is the data flow that start from inputs and passes in block(s)
and generate the output.
4) Structured Text (ST):- This language has been developed as a more modern
programming language. It is quite similar to languages such as BASIC and Pascal.
It is a high level textual language. It is very flexible and
intuitive for writing control algorithms.

5) Mnemonic Instruction(IL):- One of the earliest techniques involved is mnemonic

instructions. These instructions can be derived directly from the ladder logic
diagrams and entered into the PLC through a simple programming terminal.
 Ladder Programming:-
• Ladder programming is the first and still most popular programming language used
with PLC.
• In this language, the program is represented by the graphical diagram known as
“Ladder Diagram”.
• It is called a “Ladder” because all the devices are connected across the supply lines
making it look like a ladder.
• Each parallel connection is called a “Rung”, it can
contain many inputs but only one output.
• Ladder logic has been developed to mimic relay
logic.

Source: https://goo.gl/images/QbBhab
Symbols used in Ladder Diagram:-
Sno Symbols Description
1) • NO(Normally Open) Contact.
• Passes power when coil driving the contact is ON.
2) • NC(Normally Closed) Contact.
• Passes power when coil driving the contact is OFF.
3) • Positive Transition-Sensing Contact.
• When state changes from OFF to ON ,it passes power only
for one scan.
4) • Negative Transition-Sensing Contact.
• When state changes from ON to OFF ,it passes power only
for one scan.
5) • Output or Coil.
• When power flows through the coil, it get energized (ON).
6) • Negated coil.
• When power flows through the coil, it get de-energized
(OFF).
Sno Symbol Description
7) • Set Coil.
• When power flows through it, it get ON and
remain ON even when power is stopped.
8) • Reset coil.
• When power flows through it, it get OFF and
remain OFF even when power is stopped.
9) • Positive transition sensing Coil.
• If conditions before this coil change from OFF to
ON, it is turned on for one scan.
10) • Negative transition sensing Coil.
• If conditions before this coil change from ON to
OFF, it is turned on for one scan.
11) • Push Button.
• It is simple a On/Off switch which turns On when
pushed in and turns Off when pushed out.
12) • Motor.
• Show the connection of motor.
13) • Indicator.
• Shows the special instruction/circuit introduced in
the ladder diagram.
Source:- https://www.isa.org/pdfs/basic-ladder-logic-programming-chapter2/
Advantages of ladder programming over other languages:-
1) Self-Documentation: A ladder diagram is an excellent graphical representation
of circuit design concepts, and as you code up a circuit, you are writing its
design documentation as well.
2) Easily Debugged: Modern ladder logic debugging tools can provide an
animation showing live “power flow” through your diagrams. This makes it very
easy to understand exactly what your logic is doing and to debug faults.
3) Widely Stylistic: Ladder diagrams come in many shapes and sizes, and
programming teams are free to write their code any way they prefer, such as
rung by rung or rungs with multiple branches.
4) Intuitive Language: By selecting ladder logic as the main programming method,
the training needed for engineers and trades people was greatly reduced.
5) Easy Addition: Addition of new rung in any existing diagram is very easy.
Example of Ladder Programming:-
1) AND Operation Using Ladder:-
• Statement: Both A and B should be high(1) for output to be high(1).

• Symbol & Truth table:-

• Ladder Diagram:-

Source: https://goo.gl/images/CEQWkD
2) Ex-or Operation using Ladder:-
• Statement: Output is high(1) when the odd number of inputs are high(1).

• Symbol &Truth Table:-

• Ladder Diagram:-

Source: https://goo.gl/images/fSgxuX
 References:-
1) http://www.kronotech.com/PLC/Languages.htm
2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_logic
3) https://www.plcacademy.com/ladder-logic-tutorial/#introduction
4) http://www.mitsubishielectric.com/fa/assist/e-learning/eng.html
5) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouN3Kp4a8Z4
6) https://www.slideshare.net/seemavishwakarma87/programmable-logic-
controller-and-ladder-logic-programming?qid=2b460d1e-3ce2-464a-ad56-
de62df84c215&v=&b=&from_search=6
7) https://www.ijera.com/special_issue/ICETMEE/EE32%20yadav%20ieee.pdf