CP2073 - Networking

Introduction to Module
Setting the scene for Networking
 Module Guide
 Tutors are Peter Burden and Chas Marwaha
 1Hr Lecture, 1Hr Tutorial, 1Hr Workshop plus
1Hr Surgery
 Assessment
 Case Study (Group Work) 60%
Report (40%) and Presentation (20%)
 Practical Coursework (Individual) 40%

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 Assessments
 Case Study – An extension of that used in
Communications Technology.
 Group Report – More detailed than last
semester. More technically oriented.
 Individual Report – To be based upon research
findings. Must contain a substantial amount of
original content. A Viva will be used to confirm
these attributes.

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 Timetable
 Lecture – MU206
 Tutorial Groups – 3pm
 Group A MU206 Group B MU403 Group C MU416
 Workshop Groups – 4pm
 Group A MU115 Group B MU029 Group C MU403
 Surgery Hour – 5pm – MU515
 Contact - 4 Hours, Self Study – 6Hours

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 Resources (Books)
ESSENTIAL
 Tanenbaum A. S., (1997) , Computer Networks,
Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-394248-1
DESIRABLE
 Stallings W & Slyke R, (1998) Business Data
Communications Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-13-761230-3
 Sloane A, (1999), Computer Communications
McGraw-Hill, ISBN0-07-709443-3

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 Week Plan
 1 – JPHB - Introduction to Module, Networking
basics, Types of networks, Origins of first
networks, The internet
 2 – CM - Purpose of the OSI model and its seven
layers, Function of each layer, Process for
communication between devices
 3 – CM - Selecting a network architecture, Peer-to-
Peer networks, Client-server networks, Hybrid
networks
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 Week Plan (2)
 4 – JPHB - Types of network operating systems, Configuring
network clients, Testing Connections
 5 – CM - Physical vs. logical topology, Characteristics of each
physical topology, Comparison of most common topologies,
Topology – affect upon network and performance
 6 – JPHB - Analogue vs. Digital signals, D/A and A/D
conversion, Types of transmission, How transmissions flow
over media, Types of networking media, Characteristics of
each type, Connectors for each media,
Advantages/disadvantages of each media, Distance limitations

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 Week Plan (3)
 7 – JPHB - How and why we extend networks, What are
network segments and collision domains, Types of devices
found on networks, Advantages and disadvantages of each
device
 8 – CM - Importance of protocols, Foundations and
features of the three main protocol suites, Individual
protocols within the suites
 9 – JPHB - LAN design – the planning process, Needs
assessment, Architecture, topology and device selection,
Implementation considerations

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 Week Plan (4)
 10 – CM - Importance of network management, Basic
support – backups, UPS, redundancy, Performance
monitoring techniques and tools, Network
management system and network management
protocol, Layered approach to troubleshooting
 11 – JPHB - What is Wide Area Networking?, How
Internet access works, Types of telecommunications
services, How to determine Internet access needs,
Steps in implementing a WAN connection

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 Week Plan (5)
 12 – CM - Network software, Directory
structures, File and directory attributes,
Inherited rights management, Login scripts,
Print options
 13 – JPHB/CM - Completion of Assessment 2.
Staff are available for consultation
 14 – JPHB/CM - Vivas

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 Networking basics
 A network is, fundamentally, a system of senders and
receivers – a common feature of any communication
system.
 The sender, or source, is a computer which sends
information to another.
 The receiver, or destination computer, is the
computer to which the information is sent.
 Any machine capable of communicating on the
network is a device or node.
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 Networking Basics (2)
 In order to communicate the devices must be
connected to each other.
 Most networks are connected by cable.
 Cables can use either copper or optical fibre to
carry the signals
 Radio and microwave transmission are becoming
increasingly common.
 If two or more networks are connected to each
other this is known as an internetwork.

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 Types of Networks
 A network which covers a single floor, or perhaps an
entire building, is known as a Local Area Network
(LAN).
 LANs connected using high speed links across a
metropolitan area is known as a MAN.
 If the public switched telephone network is used to
connect the networks this is known as a Wide Area
Network, or WAN.
 If a number of LANs are connected to a larger central
network this is known as a Backbone Network, or BN
(eg University of Wolverhampton).
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Local Area Networks
HUB

Workstations

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 Local Area Networks (2)
 Now an essential part of everyday functioning in
schools, business, government etc
 Saves time, resources, allows information to be
held securely and centrally
 Improves collaboration between colleagues
 May be used for training – capable of carrying
audio and video

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 Local Area Networks (3)
Several devices connected via cable to a hub
Hubs are the most common device found on a
network
Some organisations will have LANs on each floor
of a building connected by a bridge or router
All devices on the LAN communicate via network
interface cards (NICs)

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 Local Area Networks (4)
Characteristics include:
Used in small geographical areas
Offer high-speed communications (>10Mbps)
Provide access to many devices
Use LAN-specific devices such as repeaters,
hubs and network interface cards

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Metropolitan Area Networks

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 MANs (2)
 Made up of LANs which are interconnected across a
metropolitan area
 Have become increasingly popular, eg among local
government
 Allows sharing of resources, plus the provision of a large-
scale private phone service
 Expensive to implement, provides high speed service
(compared to WANs)
 Requires use of high-performance cable and equipment to
implement them

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 MANs (3)
 Also may appeal to regional businesses
 Can span up to 75 miles
 Gives access speeds in hundreds of megabits
per second (or even gigabits speeds)
 Uses a single connection point to connect LANs
 As well as using routers will also use switches

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 Comparative Communication Speeds (Mbps)

Megastream

Cable

Modem

0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 1400000 1600000 1800000

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 Comparative Communication Speeds (Mbps)
Gigabit

MAN

Megastream

Cable

Modem

0 100000000 200000000 300000000 400000000 500000000 600000000 700000000 800000000 900000000 1000000000 1100000000
Mbps

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 Wide Area Networks
Tokyo

Paris

New York
Cable or Radio
Connections

Mexico City Nairobi

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 WANs (2)
 Interconnects two or more LANs or WANs
 Uses ‘slow’ connections leased from a Telco
 Spans cities, countries or even continents
 Requires co-ordination and expensive equipment
 Speeds may be 56Kbps to 1.5 Mbps (speeds of
45Mbs are available)
 ‘Slow’ is comparative – faster speeds are emerging
for use in WANs
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 WANs (3)
Characteristics include:
 Cover large areas – may span the world
 Compared to LANs – slow speed communication
 Access to WANs is limited – a LAN will access a
WAN through a single point (often a bottleneck)
 Will use devices such as routers, modems and
WAN switches

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 Brief History of UK Telecomms
 1876 March 10 – The telephone is invented
 Before 1969 - The General Post Office (GPO), granted a monopoly
in UK telecoms and postal services.
 This included the operation of the network and supply of all
equipment.
 1969 - October The Post Office Act 1969 established the GPO as
a statutory corporation headed by a Chairman appointed by the
Government.
 1980 - July Government announces intention to restructure the
GPO and relax the monopoly over terminal equipment and value-
added services.

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Brief History of UK Telecomms (2)
 1980 November - Government proposes split of GPO in to – Posts and British Telecom.
 1982 January - BT began to sell telephones and install ‘plug in’ master sockets (as opposed
to hard-wired installations).
 1982 February - The Mercury consortium received a licence to build and operate an
independent network to compete across the full range of telecoms services.
 1982 June - BT telephone suppliers were permitted to sell in competition to BT.
 1983 April - Mercury launched its first telecoms services in the City of London.
May Licences were granted to Cellnet and Vodafone to provide national cellular radio
networks.
 1984 November - 51% of BT shares were sold to the public – a total of 3,012 million
ordinary shares.
 1985January - BT’s monopoly on the supply and maintenance of the prime (first) telephone
ended. The two cellular operators, Cellnet and Vodafone, began commercial service.
 1986 May - Mercury began offering basic network services

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 Brief History of UK Telecomms (3)
 1990 June - New mobile operators (such as PCN licensees) were told they would be
able to sell direct to customers with safeguards for service providers. Steps began
to allow existing mobile operators to market direct in the future.
 1993 September - Mercury One2One began offering a PCN service.
Vodafone started offering GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) digital
services.
 1994 April - Orange launched its personal communications network (PCN) services.
Cellnet launched its GSM (digital) service.
 1994 SMS Services launched
 1997 A new agreement to put schools on the information superhighway was
announced on 7 October. It means that every school in the UK can have internet
access with predictable bills, at low levels for all-day usage.

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 Brief History of UK Telecomms (4)
 2000 – Licenses for 3G services auctioned
 2000 – Unbundling of local loop proposed by Oftel
 2000 January – GPRS launched (‘2.5 G’)
 2000 May – Vodafone launch world’s first WAP trial
 2001 March - 43,612,878 subscribers to mobile services
 2001 July – ADSL customers reaches 70 000 (there are over 1 million in
Germany)
 2002 – 130 Licensed operators now compete in the market
 2002/2003 – Launch of 3G services (some uncertainty)

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 Networks – The Beginning
 First networks were terminals to mainframes
 Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) in 1958
linked military establishments in the USA and Canada
 Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) invented by
MIT for IBM
 1964 – IBM’s SABRE system linked 2000 machines in
64 cities
 First network protocols were Token Ring, ARCNET and
Ethernet

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 Networks – The Beginning (2)
 1971 First people communicate over a network
(15 nodes)
 1972 Telnet specification. People can now
communicate more freely
 1973 Ethernet standard proposed by a student
 1973 Global networking becomes a reality
 1982 TCP/IP defines future communications
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 The Internet
 Early 1960s Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) begins work on ARPAnet
 First nodes connected to University of California
 1971 – 23 nodes now connected
 1974 - Packets and TCP established
 1976 - The queen sends her first email
 1979 - First MUD games played across Internet
 1980s - sees rapid growth

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 The Internet (2)
 TCP/IP defines future communications
 1986 - sees 5000 hosts and 241 newsgroups
 1987 - sees 28000 hosts
 1988 - Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed
 1989 - Military portion split off as DARPAnet,
leaving public infrastructure now known as
“Internet”
 Success of Internet due to BSD UNIX
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 The Internet (3)
 Major American universities form first
backbone for the Internet known as NSFNET
 1989 - hosts now over 100 000
 1990 - First ISP “The World” comes on line
 1991 - sees first commercial use of Internet
 1991 - A Briton (Tim Berners-Lee) establishes
World Wide Web (released by CERN)
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 The Internet (4)
 1994 - Commercialisation Begins (3 million hosts, 10 000 WWW
sites, 10 000 News Groups
 1994 - First pizza from Pizza Hut online in US
 1995 - 6.5 Million hosts, 100 000 web sites
 1995 - Search Engines
 1996 - Microsoft enter. Browser war begins
 1997 - 20 Million hosts, 1 1 Million WWW sites
 1997 onwards – growth is “exponential” ….
 The Abilene Project (Internet 2), 95 universities, 12 regional
gigaPOPs

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 Summary
Introduction to Module
Networking basics
Types of networks
Origins of first networks
The Internet
Questions and Answers
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