Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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ERGON + NOMOS = ERGONOMIC
Work + Law = Law of Work
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Few aspects of ergonomics
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Fit things to
people, not
people to
things
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Don’t expect
people to fit to
things. Fit things to
people.
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Keep Everything in Work At Proper
Easy Reach Height
Work in Natural Reduce Excessive
Posture Motion
Maintain Comfortable
Provide Clearance
Environment
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Work in Natural
Posture
Maintain S-Curve
C-curve place strain – Inverter V-curve place greater strain –
Put one foot up -
good lumbar support improvement use lifter
footrest
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Work At Proper Reduce Excessive Reduce Excessive
Height Motion Force
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Maintain Comfortable Improve organization
Environment of your work
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to maximize health and safety,
productivity, satisfaction of
human needs and wants.
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WHY WE DON’T EXPECT PEOPLE TO FIT
TO THINGS?
Cognitive Ergonomics
"The operators were trained but the complexity of the
reactor and the control panels nevertheless outstripped their
ability to grasp what they were seeing [during the prelude to
the disaster]." Program Second From Disaster
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Factors to consider to get a good fit
Knowledge regarding human factor is essential:
Anthropometry
measure of size, weight and proportions of the body.
Biomechanics
forces in the body
Anatomy
structure of the body
Physiology
how the body works
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Risk Factor due to work activities/task which can lead to fatigue,
MSD symptoms and injuries or other types of problem.
Environmental Psycho-social
Primary risk factors Physical Stressors
Factors Factors
• Awkward postures • Vibration • Temperature – hot/ • Feeling stress,
• Excessive forces • Low Temperature cold fatigue
• Extreme frequency • Soft tissues • Noise • Feeling
of movement compression • Lighting overloaded, too
• Impact Stress much work
• Glove issues • Monotony, bored,
too little stress
• job security and
satisfaction
• Morale: poor
profits, poor
supervisor, poor
management
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Risk of Injury
Due to exposure to risk
factors
Depends on:
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ERGONOMICS INJURIES…..
Over-exertion injury
occurs when a body part fails under peak
loading, because its mechanical strength is
exceeded
Over-use injury
occurs when the rate of damage to a body
part exceeds the rate of repair/recovery
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Relevant provisions in OSHA 1994 and FMA
1967
Guidelines & MS in Ergonomics
Conclusions
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a)To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons
at work.
b)To protect person (other than person at work) at
place of work.
C)To promote the occupational environment adaptable
to the person’s physiological and psychological needs
d)To provide the means towards a legislation system
based on regulation and industry code of practice in
combination with the provisions of the Act.
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Duty of employer to control
General duties of employers and self-employed
persons to their employees
Section 15(1):It shall be the duty of every employer
and self-employed person to ensure, so far as is
practicable, the safety, health and welfare at work
of all his employees.
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Duty of employer to control
OSHA 1994 Section 15(2)
Without prejudice to the generality of
subsection (1), the matters to which the duty
extends include in particular -
a) the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that
are, so far as is practicable, safe and without risks to health;
b) the making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as is practicable,
safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or
operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances;
c) provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision
as is necessary to ensure, so far as is practicable, the safety and
health at work of his employees;
d) So far as is practicable, as regards any place of work under the
control of the employer or self-employed person, the maintenance
of it in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the
provision and maintenance of the means of access to and egress
from it that are safe and without such risks
e) The provision and maintenance of a working environment for his
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employees that is, so far as practicable, safe, without risks to health
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and adequate as regards facilities for their welfare at work
Duties of employee
OSHA 1994 Section 24
a) To take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and
of other persons who may be affected by his acts or omissions at
work;
• Section 4
“To promote an occupational environment which is
adapted to the physiological and psychological need of
workers”
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FMA 1967 and IT’S REGULATIONS
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FMA 1967
FACTORIES AND MACHINERY
(Section 24 Personal protective clothing and
appliances)
Section 24, Where in any factory persons are
exposed to a wet or dusty process, to noise, to
heat or to any poisonous, corrosive or other
injurious substances which is liable to cause
bodily injury to those persons the minister may
prescribe the provision and maintenance for use
of those persons suitable and adequate personal
protective clothing and appliances including
where necessary goggles, gloves, leggings, caps,
foot-wear and protective ointment or lotion.
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FMA 1967
Section 24-personal Protective Clothing
• “Provide suitable and adequate personal protective clothing
and appliances including where necessary goggles, gloves,
leggings, caps, foot-wear and protective ointment or lotion.”
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FMA 67 (70)
FACTORIES AND MACHINERY (SAFETY,
HEALTH AND WELFARE) REGULATIONS 1970
(CONFINED SPACES)
Regulation 13(1) Where any work has to be done
inside any chamber, tank, vat, pit, pressure or other
vessel or other confined space in which dangerous
fumes are liable to be present to such an extent as
to involve risk to any person being overcome
thereby, such confined space shall, unless there is
other adequate means of egress, be provided with a
manhole; such manhole may be rectangular, oval or
circular in shape, and shall not be less than sixteen
inches wide or not less than eighteen inches in
diameter if circular.
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FACTORIES AND MACHINERY
(SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE) REGULATIONS 1970
– Reg 13 (2)
No person shall be required or permitted to enter any
confined space unless:-
a. All practicable steps have been taken to remove any fumes which may be present
and to prevent any ingress of fumes;
b. It has been ascertained by a suitable test that the confined space is free from
dangerous fumes;
Provide that where such test cannot be carried out, the
person entering a confined space shall wear an efficient
respiratory protective device suitable for the dangerous
substance that is to be expected and a suitable safety belt
with attached life line of adequate dimensions leading to a
convenient point outside the tank or vessel.
c. A reliable and competent person is stationed at the entrance to the tank or vessel
to supervise the operations ant to take such action as may be necessary in any
emergency
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HYGIENE FACILITIES
Regulation 23 of the safety, health and welfare
regulations
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Securing and maintaining adequate ventilation
Regulation 25 of the safety, health and welfare
regulations - >10 air changes/hour for clean process,
>20 air changes/hour for process where there is a lot
of fumes, smoke and heat.
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LIGHTING
Regulation 29 of the safety, health and welfare
regulations
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Temperature Extremes
Securing and maintaining temperature
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FACTORIES AND MACHINERY
(SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE) REGULATIONS 1970 –
Regulation 30 (1) & 30 (2)
Regulation 30 (1), stipulated that in every factory where persons employed have
in the course of their employment, reasonable opportunities for sitting
without detriment to their work, there shall be provided and maintained
suitable and sufficient seating facilities for their use.
a) there shall be provided and maintained for any person employed in that
work a seat of a design, construction and dimensions suitable for him and
the work, together with a foot-rest is necessary to support his feet in
order to reduce fatigue; and
b) the arrangement shall be such that the seat is adequately and properly
supported while in use for the purpose for which it is provided.
2003
GUIDELINES
Guidelines related to the ergonomics.
Guidelines On Occupational Safety And Health In The
Office 1996
This guide outlines minimum standards for the Occupational Safety and Health for
workers in the office.
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2003
GUIDELINES
Guidelines related to the ergonomics.
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