ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF WARREN

TRUSS BRIDGE USING SAP2000

Internal Guide Submitted by

Dr.S.Chithra M.E,Ph.D R.Praveen Kumar
Assistant Prof/civil department 1871109

External Guide
Mr.Sekar
Coimbatore Digital Land Surveyor
 Introduction
• The Warren Truss uses equilateral triangles to spread out the loads on the bridge, The
equilateral triangles minimize the forces to only compression and tension. Interestingly, as
a load (such as a car or train) moves across the bridge sometimes the forces for a member
switch from compression to tension. This happens especially to the members near the
center of the bridge.
• This configuration combines strength with economy of materials and can therefore be
relatively light. The girders being of equal length, it is ideal for use in prefabricated
modular bridges.
Components of a Warren Truss Bridge
 Components of a Warren Truss Bridge
Components Functions
Top Chord The most highly stressed compression members
Bottom Chord The most highly stressed tension members. Connections may be welded, bolted or
riveted.
Diagonal Chord These members could be diagonals and verticals and may be subjected to tension and
some to compression
Portal Bracing These are located at the ends of a truss to carry the lateral forces from the top chord
level to the bridge bearing Located at the end posts or rakers.Provide end supports to
the top lateral bracing system.
Top Bracing and Placed between the top chords and bottom chords of a pair of truss, they are provided
Bottom Bracing for distributing the transverse loads to the lateral system. Also for providing torsional
rigidity to the truss frame
Strut/Cross beam Used for supporting the deck slabs
Deck In a road bridge, the deck slab can act as a stiffening member between the trusses.
 Plan and Specification
Span : 100m
Width Of deck : 10m (Two lanes with each 3.5m and side walk 1m on each side)

Element Section to be used Dimension Material used

(mm)
Top Chord Box Section 600x450x25 Steel
Bottom Chord Box Section 600x450x25 Steel
Diagonal Chord Box Section 600x450x25 Steel
Portal Bracing Double angle 150x150x10 Steel
Top Bracing I-section 300x250x10 Steel
Bottom Bracing I-section 300x250x10 Steel
Strut/Cross beam I-section 1300x320x20 Steel
Deck Rectangular 300 thickness Concrete(M30
Plan and Specification
 Modelling in SAP2000
Materials defined:

Material Grade
Concrete M30
Steel Fe250

Support Condition:
One end is pinned and the other end is roller.
 Modelling in SAP2000
Sections defined:
Section Property
Section Object Type NumPieces Total Length Total Weight Shape

m kN
Top chord Frame 22 176. 677.361 Box section

Bottom chord Frame 24 192. 738.939 Box/ section

Diagonal Frame 50 607.15731 2336.732 Box section

Portal frame Frame 28 98.48567 43.21 I/Wide Flange

Top Bracing Frame 44 281.73747 169.152 Double Angle

Bottom Frame 48 307.34996 184.529 I/Wide Flange

bracing
Strut Frame 13 120. 350.996 I/Wide Flange

Stinger Frame 60 480. 886.727 I/Wide Flange

Floor beam Frame 13 130. 380.246 Box section

Slab Area 0.
 Modelling in SAP2000

Grid line Elevational view

 Modelling in SAP2000

Various truss components Location of Portal frames

 Modelling in SAP2000

3D View of the bridge

3D View of the bridge

 Analysis using Sap2000
Load Pattern:
Load Pattern Type Code Followed

Dead Dead IS 875

wind +y direction Wind IS 875-2015
wind -y direction Wind IS 875-2015
WL on vehicle +y direction Wind IS 875-2015

WL on vehicle -y direction Wind IS 875-2015

Vehicle load Vehicle Live load IRC6-2017

 Analysis using Sap2000

Wind loads:

Load Pattern Load (kN)

wind +y direction 160

wind -y direction -160
Wind load on vehicle +y direction 10

Wind load on vehicle -y direction -10

 Analysis using Sap2000
Vehicular Load
General Vehicles
Vehicle Name Load Type Axle Load
KN
truck HS20 Leading Load 35.586
truck HS20 Fixed Length 142.343
truck HS20 Fixed Length 142.343
 Analysis using Sap2000
Deformed shapes

Deformed shape due to vehicular load Deformed shape due to Dead load
 Analysis using Sap2000
Top Bracing and floor beam fail in design check and hence the sections
has to be revised
Revised Sections:
Element Section to be used Dimension Material used
(mm)

Top Bracing I-section 300x300x15 Steel

Strut/Cross beam I-section 1500x350x20 Steel

 Analysis using Sap2000

Shear force due to Shear force due to Shear force due to wind load
Dead load Vehicle load taken by portal frames alone
 Analysis using Sap2000
Results-1

Load Case Reactions (kN)

Dead Load 1120
Wind load +y direction 241
Wind load -y direction 14
Vehicle load 320
 Connection Details
Bolt connection is used.
Bolt type-High strength friction grip bolts are used, as the forces are large
and space for connection is limited.
M20 bolt of grade 8.8 is used
Pitch =50mm(2.5xd)
Edge distance=35mm
Gusset plate 20mm thickness
Tensile capacity of the bolt = 141kN
Slip resistance of bolt = 136.8kN
Bolt Connection:
Number of bolts:
For 3015kN number of bolt = 24
For 3145kN number of bolt = 24
For 2981kN number of bolt = 22
For 1660kN number of bolt = 16
Number of bolts;
For 3145kN number of bolt = 24
For 2333kN number of bolt = 18
For 2076kN number of bolt = 16
For 2792kN number of bolt = 20

Number of bolts;
For 3281kN number of bolt = 24
For 2175kN number of bolt = 16
 Design Composite Deck Slab
Design data
fck = 30MPa
fy = 250MPa
Thickness of slab 200mm
Partial safety factor:
For DL=1.4
For LL=1.6
Spacing between the beams = 2m
Width of the slab =10m

Load calculation:
Construction stage
Self weight of slab = 14.4kN/m
Construction load =1.5kN/m
Total design load =22026kN/m
Design moment = 278kNm
Composite stage:
Self weight of slab = 14.4kN/m
Load from floor finish = 1.5kN/m
Live load =10.33kN/m
Design load = 38.788kN
Moment = 484.85kNm

Adequecy check of the section:

A=24000mm2
Beff = 10000/4 = 2500mm
α = 20.14
• αA= 483360
• Beff D= 50000>483360 hence the NA lies within the Concrete
xu =193.3mm
Moment = 1598kNm > 484.85kNm hence safe
Design of Shear Connectors:
Total load carried by shear connector= 5219.91 kN
Use 20mm dia headed stud
Design strength for M30 is 58kN
Number of connectors = 90
 Reference

• “Indian Standard – Code of practice for Design Loads (other than earthquake) for
Buildings and Structures – Part 3 – Wind Loads” – IS 875(Part 3)-2015”
• “Standard Specification and Code of Practice for Road Bridges-IRC6-2017”
• “Steel structures-Design and Practice” , N.Subramanian
THANK YOU