BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis

CHAPTER 4
Transmission Line
 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Module Outline

 Introduction
 Types of Power Lines
 Short Line
 Medium Line
 Long Line

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Introduction
Generation System

Transmission System

Distribution System

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Introduction – Transmission Line

 The equivalent model is on a “per-phase” basis,

i.e. VL-N, and Ip.
 Two port networks theory is used to express the
voltage and current relations.
 Short, medium, and long line models are
considered as well as the regulation and losses.

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Type of Power Lines

Transmission Line Model

Short Medium Long

Line Line Line
≤80km ≤250km ≥250km

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Short Line

 Definition: ≤ 80 km or ≤ 69 kV.
 Multiplying series impedance per unit length
(r + jL) by the line length (ℓ).
Z = (r + jL)ℓ = R + jX

IS Z = R + jX IR
+ +
VS VR SR
- -

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Short Line

 Consider a 3Ф load with apparent power SR(3Ф)

is connected at the end of the transmission line,
the receiving end current is obtained by
S*R (3 ) * means conjugate, says S=(2+j3),
IR 
thus S* becomes (2-j3)
3VR*

 The sending end voltage is

VS = VR + ZIR
 Since the shunt capacitance is neglected, we
have
IS = I R
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Short Line

 Two port network (ABCD) representation:

IS IR
+ +
VS
-
ABCD VR
-

VS = AVR + BIR
IS = CVR + DIR
or in matrix form
VS  A B VR  VS  1 Z VR 
 I    C D  I   I   0 1   I 
 S   R   S   R 
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Short Line

 It is obvious that for short line,

A=1 B=Z C=0 D=1
 Voltage regulation is defined as the % change in
voltage at the receiving end in going from no-
load to full-load:
VR(NL)  VR(FL)
% VR  X 100%
VR(FL)
 At no-load, IR=0, thus,
VS
VR(NL) 
A
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Short Line

 For short line, A=1 and VR(NL)=VS.

 Voltage regulation is measure of line voltage
drop and depends on the power factor (cos θ).
 Voltage regulation is poorer at low lagging
power factor loads (inductive).
 Voltage regulation become negative with leading
power factor loads (capacitive).
VS
Lagging pf
 jXIR
VR(FL) VR=+ve
IR RIR
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Short Line
VS jXIR Leading pf
IR
RIR VR=-ve
VR(FL)
 Sending-end power,
SS(3 )  3VSI*S
 The total line loss is given by
SL(3Ф)=SS(3Ф) – SR(3Ф)
 Transmission line efficiency is given by
PR(3 )

PS(3 )
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Short Line

Example 4.1
A 220-kV, three-phase transmission line is 40 km long.
The resistance per phase is 0.15  per km and the
inductance per phase is 1.3263 mH per km. The shunt
capacitance is negligible. Use the short line model to find
the voltage and power at the sending end and the
voltage regulation and the efficiency when the line is
supplying a three-phase load of
a. 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kV.
b. 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor leading at 220 kV.

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Short Line

Solution
a. The series impedance per phase is (f = 60 Hz)
Z=(r+jL)ℓ =(0.15+j2x60x1.3263x10-3)40
=6+j20 
The receiving end voltage per phase is
220 0
VR(LN)   127 0kV
3
The apparent power is
SR(3Ф)= 381cos-10.8
= 381 36.87° = 304.8+j228.6 MVA

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Short Line

The current per phase is

S*R(3 ) 381  36.87  x10 3
I R(1 )    1000   36.87 A
*
3VR(LN) 3 x 127 0

The sending end voltage is

VS(LN)  VR(LN)  ZI R(1 )  127 0  (6  j20)(1000  - 36.87 )(10 -3 )
 144.33 4.93  kV

The sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude

VS(L -L)  3 VS(LN)  250 kV
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Short Line

The sending end power is

SS(3 )  3VS(LN)I*S(1 )  3 x 144.33 4.93 x 1000 36.87  x 10 -3
 322.8 MW  j288.6 Mvar
 433 41.8  MVA
Voltage regulation is
250 - 220
%VR  x 100%  13.6%
220
Transmission line efficiency is
P R(3 )304 .8
  x 100%  94.4%
PS(3 ) 322 .8

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Short Line

b. The current for 381 MVA with 0.8 leading pf is

S*R(3 ) 38136.87  x10 3
I R(p)    1000 36.87 A
*
3VR(LN) 3 x 127 0

The sending end voltage is

VS(LN)  VR(LN)  ZI R(1 )  127 0  (6  j20)(1000 36.87 )(10 -3 )
 121.39 9.29  kV

The sending end line-to-line voltage magnitude

VS(L -L)  3 VS(LN)  210.26 kV

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Short Line

The sending end power is

SS(3 )  3VS(LN)I*S(1 )  3 x 121.39 9.29 x 1000   36.87  x 10 -3
 322.8 MW  j168.6 Mvar
 364.18  - 27 .58  MVA
Voltage regulation is
210.26 - 220
%VR  x 100%  - 4.43%
220
Transmission line efficiency is
PR(3 ) 304 .8
  x 100%  94.4%
PS(3 ) 322 .8
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Medium Line

 Definition: 80 km ≤ length ≤ 250 km.

 Shunt capacitance of the line is included and is
divided into two equal parts placed at the
sending and receiving ends of the line to form
the so-called nominal  model.

IS Z = R + jX IL IR
+ +
Y Y
VS 2 2 VR
- -

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Medium Line

 Total shunt admittance

Y = (g +jC)ℓ
 The shunt conductance per unit length, g is
negligible, C = line to neutral capacitance per km,
and ℓ = line length.
Y
I L  I R  VR
2
 ZY 
VS  VR  ZI L VS  1  VR  ZI R
 2 
Y
IS  I L  VS  ZY   ZY 
IS  Y 1  VR  1  I R
2  4   2 
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Medium Line

 Representing into the two-port network:

 ZY   ZY   ZY 
A  1   BZ C  Y 1   D  1  
 2   4   2 
 A and D are dimensionless and equal each
other if the line is the same when viewed from
either end.
 The dimensions of B and C are ohms and mhos,
respectively. The determinant of the line matrix
is unity, i.e.,
AD – BC = 1
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Medium Line

 We can find VR and IR if VS and IS are known.

DVS  BI S
VR  VR  DVS  BI S
AD  BC
AIS  CVS
IR  I R  AIS  CVS
AD  BC
 In matrix form (inverse matrix),
VR   D  B VS 
I     I 
 R   C A   S 

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Medium Line

 At no-load, i.e. IR is zero and thus A is the ratio

VS/VR.
 If the receiving end is short-circuited, i.e. VR is
zero and thus B is the ratio VS/IR.
 The constant A is useful in computing voltage
regulation. If VR(FL) is the receiving end voltage
at full load for a sending end voltage of VS,
VS A  VR(FL)
% VR  X 100%
VR(FL)

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Medium Line

Example 4.2
A 345 kV, three-phase transmission line is 130
km long. The resistance per phase is 0.036 
per km and the inductance per phase is 0.8 mH
per km. The shunt capacitance is 0.0112 F per
km. The receiving end load is 270 MVA with 0.8
power factor lagging at 325 kV. Use the medium
line model to find the voltage and power at the
sending end and the voltage regulation.

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Medium Line

Solution

IS Z = R + jX IL IR
+ +
Y Y Load
270MVA
VS 2 2 VR 325 kV
0.8 lagging
- -

The series impedance per phase is (assume f = 60 Hz)

Z=(0.036+j2x60x0.8x10-3)130=4.68+j39.207 
Y=(0+j2x60x0.0112x10-6)130
=j0.000548899 siemens

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Medium Line

 ZY 
A  D  1    0.98924  j0.0012844
 2 

B  Z  4.68  j39.207
 ZY  7
C  Y 1    3.5251x10  j0.0005459 5
 4 
325 0
VR (LN)   187.64 0kV
3
SR(3 )  270cos-10.8  27036.87MVA  216  j162 MVA

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Medium Line

S*R(3 ) 270   36.87  x10 3

I R(1 )    479.64   36.87 A
*
3VR(LN) 3 x 187.64 0

IS(1 )  CVR(LN)  DIR(1 )

 379.9522  j284.0929  474.42   36.79 

VS(LN)  AVR(LN)  BI R(1 )  199.194.012

VS(LL)  VS(LN)x 3  345.014.012

powerfactor  cos[angle(VS(LN) ) - angle(IS(1 ) )]  0.7570

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Medium Line

SS(3 )  3xVS(LN)xI*S(1 )  3x199.194.012x0.4744236.79

 283.5 40.802   214.6 MW  j185.25 Mvar
During no - load, I R  0,
 ZY 
 VS(LL)  1  VR(LL)  0
 2 
VS(LL) 345 .01
VR(LL)    348 .76 kV
A 0.98924

348.76 - 325
% V R  x100%  7.3108%
325
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Example
A medium transmission line connecting Kluang to Batu Pahat town in Malaysia,
having resistance of 0.125 Ω per km, L = 1.3263 mH per km, y = 1.54x10-4
S/km.
By analyzing the circuit to be at 180 km long, wye connected three-phase 300
MW load of 0.8 lagging power factor with a receiving-end voltage VR at 275 kV
(line to line) determine the sending-end voltage VS in single-phase and three-
phase, the percentage voltage regulation and efficiency of the mentioned
transmission line. The frequency value is in accordance with the country of
where the transmission line is located.

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

 Definition: length  250 km.

Zx I(x) IR
IS IS(x+x)

+ + + +

VS V(x+ x)
yx yx V(x)
VR

- - - -

x x

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

V(x  Δx)  V(x)  zxI(x)

I ( x  x)  I ( x)  yxV ( x  x)
V(x  Δx)-V(x) I ( x  x)  I ( x)
 zI(x)  yV ( x  x)
Δx x
x  0, x  0,
dI ( x)
dV ( x)  yV ( x)
 zI ( x) dx
dx
d 2V ( x) dI ( x)
2
z  zyV ( x)
dx dx
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

If we take Second order differential equation:

 2  zy V ( x)  A1ex  A2e x
d 2V ( x) where
   2V ( x)
dx 2
  propagation constant
d 2V ( x)
  2V ( x)  0     j  zy  (r  jL)( g  jC )
2
dx
  attenuation constant,
  phase constant (radian per unit length)

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

I ( x) 
1 dV ( x) 1
z dx

 A1ex  A2 e x
z

I ( x) 

z
Ae 1
x
 A2 e x
 y
z
A1ex  A2 e x 
or

I ( x) 
1
zc

A1ex  A2 e x 
z
z c  characteristic impedance 
y

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line
To find the constant A1 and A2
when x  0,
V ( x)  VR ,
I ( x)  I R

VR  A1  A2
1 1 VR  2 A2
IR  ( A1  A2 )  (VR  A2  A2 ) 
zc zc zc
VR  z c I R
A2 
2
VR  z c I R
A1 
2
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

VR  zc I R x VR  zc I R x
V ( x)  e  e
2 2
1  VR  zc I R x VR  zc I R x 
I ( x)   e  e 
zc  2 2 
VR VR
 IR  IR
zc x zc
I ( x)  e  e x
2 2

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

Re-arrange the equations we have,

VR x VR x Z c I R x Z c I R x
V ( x)  e  e  e  e
2 2 2 2
 ex  e x   ex  e x 
V ( x)   VR  Z c 
 
I R

 2   2 
VR x I R x VR x I R x
I ( x)  e  e  e  e
2Z c 2 2Z c 2
1  ex  e x   ex  e x 
I ( x)   VR   I R
Z c  2 


 2 

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

Hyperbolic function,
V ( x)  cosh xVR  Z c sinh xIR A  D  cosh 

I ( x) 
1
sinh xVR  cosh xIR B  Z c sinh 
Zc
1
Setting x=l, V(l)=Vs, I(l)=Is C sinh 
Zc
Vs  cosh VR  Z c sinh I R
AD  BC  1
1
Is  sinh VR  cosh I R
Zc
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line
Method 2

Nominal  representation for long line,

 Z 'Y ' 
Vs  1  VR  Z ' I R
 2 
 Z 'Y '   Z 'Y ' 
I s  Y ' 1  VR  1  I R
 4   2 
Comparing B constant with hyperbolic function,

z z sinh  sinh 
Z '  Z c sinh   sinh   Z
y  
z
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

To obtain the Y’/2, compare the A constant,

Z 'Y '
1  cosh 
2
Z sinh Y '
 cosh   1
2
ZY ' cosh   1  cosh   1
 , where tanh 
2 sinh  2 sinh 
ZY ' 
  tanh
2 2
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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

Y '   Y' 1 
 tanh  tanh
2 Z 2 2 Zc 2

zy   y 
  tanh
z
tanh
2
 2
y
y 
 tanh y 
z 2  tanh
 2

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

Y' Y  Equivalent  model for

 tanh
2  2 long length line:

 sinh 
tanh Z' Z
Y 2 
 IS IL IR
2  2 + +
Y' Y tanh  2 Y'

VS 2 2  2 2 VR
- -

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

Example 4.3:
250 km, 500 kV transmission line has per
phase,
z = (0.045 + j0.4) /km
y = j4. 0 S/km

Find ABCD for a  model of the long

transmission line.

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

Solution:
z 0.045  j 0.4
Zc   6
 316.7  j17.76
y j 4 10

  zy  (0.045  j 0.4)( j 4 106 )  7.104 105  j 0.001267

Z '  Z c sinh( )  10.88  j98.36

1   
Y '   tanh    2  j 0.001
 Zc  2 

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 BEF 23803 – Polyphase Circuit Analysis – Chapter 4

Long Line

 Z' Y' 
A  D  1    0.9504  j0.0055
 2 
B  Z'  10.88  j98.36

 Z' Y' 
C  Y' 1    j0.00098
 4 

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