Submitted By

Krishan Garg
• As commercialization of agriculture grew in intensity in the mid-to-late
19th century.

• From 1945 to 1960, tractors and bulldozers were imported for land
reclamation and cultivation in mid-1940s. In 1947 central and state tractor
organizations were set up to develop and promote the supply and use of
tractors in agriculture and up to 1960, the demand was met entirely
through imports. There were 8,500 tractors in use in 1951, 20,000 in 1955
and 37,000 by 1960.

• From 1961 to 1970, Local production began in 1961 with five manufacturers
(Eicher, Gujarat Tractors, TAFE, Escorts, M&M) producing a total of 880
units per year. By 1965 this had increased to over 5000 units per year and
the total in use had risen to over 52,000. By 1970 annual production had
exceeded 20,000 units per year with over 146,000 units working in the
country.
• From 1971 to 1980, Six new manufacturers were established during this
period although three companies (Kirloskar Tractors, Harsha Tractors
and Pittie Tractors) did not survive. HMT began manufacturing Agricultural
Tractors in 1972 under the HMT brand name with technology acquired
from Zetor of the Czech Republic. Escorts Ltd. began local manufacture
of Ford tractors in 1971 in collaboration with Ford, UK and total production
climbed steadily to 33,000 in 1975-76.

• From 1981 to 1990, further five manufacturers (Auto Tractors, Haryana

Tractors, United Auto Tractors, Asian Tractors, VST Tillers) began
production during this period but only last one of these survived in the
increasingly competitive market place. Annual production exceeded 75,000
units by 1985 and reached 140,000 in 1990 when the total in use was about
1.2 million. Then India - a net importer up to the mid-seventies –became
an exporter in the 1980s mainly to countries in Africa.

• From 1991 to 1997, Since 1992, it has not been necessary to obtain an
industrial license for tractor manufacture in India. By 1997 annual production
exceeded 255,000 units and the national tractor population had passed the
2 million mark. India now emerged as one of the world leaders in wheeled
tractor production.
 MANUFACTURER COLLABORATOR YEAR
Eicher Tractors Ltd Gebr, Eicher Tractor. West 1961
Germany
Gujarat Tractors Ltd Motokov Praha, 1963
Czechoslovakia
TAFE Messey Ferguson. UK 1961
Escorts Ltd Moloimport ArazawaZaklady 1964
Mechaniczne .Ursus Poland
Mahindra And Mahindra International Harvestor. UK 1965
+Escorts Tractor Ltd Ford .U.K. 1971
Hindustan Machine Tools Motokov Praha. 1971
Czechoslovakia
Kirloskar Tractors Lmt Klochner Humboldt Deutz. 1974
Germany
Punjab Tractor Limited CMERI.INDIA 1974
Pittie Tractor Limited No Data Available 1974
• The Escorts Group is among India's leading engineering Organization
operating in the sectors of agri-machinery, construction & material
handling equipment, railway equipment and auto components.

• Escorts has played a pivotal role in the agricultural growth of India for over
five decades. Escorts offers a comprehensive range of tractors, more than
45 variants starting from 25 to 80 HP.

• A leading material handling and construction equipment manufacturer,

they manufacture and market a diverse range of equipment like cranes,
loaders, forklifts Etc.

• Escorts has been a major player in the railway equipment business in

India for nearly five decades. Our product offering includes brakes,
couplers, shock absorbers, rail fastening systems, composite brake
blocks and vulcanized rubber parts. In the auto components segment,
Escorts is a leading manufacturer of auto suspension products and shock
absorbers.
• In 1960, The parent company, Escorts, set up the strategic Agri Machinery
Group (AMG) to venture into tractors.
• In 1965, we rolled out our first batch of tractors under the brand name of
Escort.
• In 1969 a separate company, Escorts Tractors Ltd., was established with
equity participation of Ford Motor Co., UK for the manufacture of Ford
agricultural tractors in India.
• In the year 1996 Escorts Tractors Ltd. formally merged with the parent
company, Escorts Ltd.
• Since inception, Escorts have manufactured over 1 million tractors. For
viz.
 Farmtrac: World Class Premium tractors, with single reduction and
epicyclic reduction transmissions from 34 to 75 HP.
 Powertrac: Utility and Value-for-money tractors, offering straight-axle and
hub-reduction tractors from 34 to 55 HP. India’s No.1 economy range –
engineered to give spectacular diesel economy.
 Escort: Economy tractors having hub-reduction transmission and twin-
cylinder engines from 27 to 35 HP.
• Escorts Agri Machinery has three recognized and well-accepted tractor
brands, which are on distinct and separate technology platforms. TheseAre:

 Farmtrac:-World Class Premium tractors, with single reduction and

epicyclic reduction transmissions from 34 to 75 HP.

 Powertrac : Utility and Value-for-money tractors, offering straight-axle and

hub-reduction tractors from 34 to 55 HP. India's No .1 economy range
engineered to give spectacular diesel economy.

 Escort : Economy tractors having hub-reduction transmission and twin-

cylinder engines from 27 to 35 HP. Pioneering brand of tractors introduced
by Escorts with unbeatable advantages.

 Jai Kisan Series: It consist of five new categories ValueMaxx, LoadMaxx,

AgMaxx, InfraMaxx, SuperMaxx. This Series is available in the
FARMTRAC line of Escorts tractors.
• FERRARI :Starting with a 26 HP model, It is best suited for Glasshouse/
Nurseries, Light Transportation, Micro farming and lawn maintenance.
• KMC stands for Escorts Knowledge Management Center ,it unites
professional expertise with long practical experience in Product Design,
Computer Aided Engineering (Simulation & Virtual Testing), Product
Evaluation & Testing. It is in about 10000 square meter area.

• It Compromises of These Section

1. Design
2. Testing
3. Assembly Plant
4. Final Testing
• In this section there are design of engine, transmission, vehicle are
being done. For this purpose they use

 I-DEAS / NX 3-D Modeling & Assembly

 Pro – Engineer
 AUTOCAD (2-D)
 Structural analysis
 Thermal analysis
 Non linear analysis
 Dynamic analysis
 Fatigue analysis
• AutoCAD, Pro/ENGINEER , I-DEAS(Integrated Design and Engineering
Analysis Software) are software application for 2D and 3D, computer-
aided design (CAD) and drafting. These use provide simplicity and accuracy
for making parts as for viz. Rear Axle, Differential Unit, Engine etc.

• Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on

physical structures and their components. engineer first determine
information as loads, geometry, support conditions, and materials
properties. The results of such an analysis typically include support
reactions, stresses and displacements and are shown on a monitor. This
information is then compared to criteria that indicate the conditions of failure.

• In Thermal analysis properties of materials are studied as they change

with temperature . Viz. in Differential thermal analysis (DTA), the material
under study and an inert reference are made to undergo identical thermal
cycles, while recording any temperature difference between sample and
reference. This differential temperature is then plotted against time, or
against temperature. Then results are compared.
• Non linear analysis, this is also known as Plastic analysis" In general.
Plastic analysis is usually based on the idealization of stress strain curve as
perfectly plastic. In this analysis, it is assumed that width thickness ratio of
plate elements is small so the local buckling does not occur. Broadly
speaking the section will be declared as perfectly plastic.

• Fatigue analysis, fatigue is the progressive and localized structural damage

that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading. It is tested by

 The E-N Approach: In a fatigue test, specimens of different material

types are subjected to various types of cyclic loading, such as: small-
scale bending, torsion, tension, and compression. The E-N
approach uses these tests to measure fatigue life. The results are
plotted in terms of strain (E)vs. cycles to failure (N) on an E-N
diagram.
Figure:- Rear Axle

Figures:-Design Simulation &

Verification using FEA tools
Figure:- Detail of Rear Axle
• In testing department testing of engine, transmission and tractor testing are
done. It includes engine test lab, transmission lab and tractor lab.
• Engine Test Lab. - Engine Test Lab includes the following tests:
 Friction Measurement- For friction measuring motoring dynamometer is
used. In this test the engine is first run up to the desired speed by its own
power and allowed to remain at the given speed and load conditions for
some time so that oil, water, and engine component temperatures reach
stable conditions. The fuel supply is then cut-off and dynamometer is
converted to run as a motor to drive for the engine at the same speed at
which it was previously running. The power supply to the motor is measured
which is a measure of the friction of the engine. It is about 22kW for 34hp
engine.
 Governing Test-This test is performed at high idle speed, rated speed
and an intermediate speed.RPM is decreased in steps of 20 and it is
observed at what RPM maximum power is obtained. For a good engine, the
difference between maximum power RPM and the RPM at which the test is
being performed should not be more than 100-120 RPM.
 Gaseous & Particulate Emission Evaluation- Flame Ionization Detector is
used for HC emission. Bosch smoke meter is used for smoke measurement.
 Endurance Test - This test is done to estimate the life of the engine. This
test is generally performed on a new engine or an engine with some part
modified. The test procedure depends on type of modification done. A new
engine is run continuously for 3000 hours. After every 40 hours engine
oil is checked, every 100 hours Full throttle test is done and in every
500 hours engine oil is checked.
 Oil Consumption Evaluation- This test is done for oil consumption
evaluation. In this test power is measured by dynamometer and fuel
consumption is measured.

 Vehicle testing- For vehicle there are mainly fatigue test, hydraulic lift
testing, field test and noise test are done. Some Of Them Are explainedhere
 Track test- In this test tractor is runs on a track having cleats, or grousers.
 PTO performance-This is done by the help of power take off dynamometer
which measure engine power at the power take-off. The dynamometer has
range of power and torque. PTO is 540 rpm at 1710 rpm.
 Power lift- This test is done by power lift set up. In this test lift is
continuously lifting the weight of 1050 kg .
 Figure: Track Test Figure: Trimos Height Measuring inst.

• Metrology : Facilities for the measurement of component dimensions using

the following equipment
• Trimos Height measuring system- Trimos height gauge is used for height
measurement. Profile Projector with optical eye & software- It employed for
inspecting and comparing very small and complex parts. Portable Surface
roughness measuring equipment.
• 3D CMM with software-A coordinate measuring machine is a 3D device for
measuring the physical geometrical characteristics of an object.
• The final processed parts from the various parts of production shop and
Heat Treatment reach the assembly Shop. Escorts have two assembly shop
different for each powertrac and farmtrac.
• In farmtrac assembly line assembled 120 tractor per day and powertrac
capacity is 80 tractor per day. For lifting the component there are hydraulic
lift are used and for small part the used roller. Conveyor is used for moving
in forward direction.
• The various parts reaches the assembly shop only after being washed,
cleansed and dried, which takes place when the different parts are on their
way to assembly shop. The above washing process takes place
automatically .
• The assembly shop can be divided into various subparts being assembled.
These groups are:
1. Rear Line 5. Wheel Assembly
2. TransmissionAssembly
3. Engine Assembly Line
4. Front Line
Figure:- Assembly Layout
• The various differential parts such as bp shaft, differential unit etc. are
assembled here. the various sub-assembly of parts listed above are
performed in the sub units.

• In the first unit, the bp shafts are fitted with various components such as
circular clips, bearings etc. to be able to be assembled to the differential unit.

• The various bolts are bolted using a pneumatic bolter gun. the differential
unit is collected from the conveyor then fitted with the necessary bearing.
Then the differential unit and the bp shaft are assembled, making up a
complete one unit.

• The Axles are assembled in a different sub assembly shop. rear axle are
washed and dried and then wheel side bearing is assembled and then the
whole unit along with the bull gears is assembled to the differential unit.
Differential cover assemble after these assemblies.
• the gearbox cage is collected from the conveyor roller and successively
parts such as the counter shafts, clutch shafts, main shaft along with the ball
bearings are assembled to the unit.

• First gear on main shaft with 38 teeth and reverse gear with 38 teeth,
second gear with 35 and third with 28 teeth. This is the constant mesh type
transmission.

• After assembly, leakage testing is perform. In this test first gear box is full of
oil and then sealed. After that the pressure is increase up to 10 bar. Thenthe
by the motor power the clutch shaft is revolve at 2700 rpm. This test check
meshing of gears.
• First the clutch is assembled. Single organic coil type clutch are fitted.

• Before the engine assembly there is assembly of various other accessories

such as Foot board, battery clamp and other links such as accelerator pedal
link, clutch link, brake link etc.

• Engine from sub assembly are assembled to the main line. Afour stoke 3
cylinder diesel engine first assembled at the engine sub assembly.

• The various links and mechanism between the engine and the gear box is
fastened together.

• In all the above stages of assembly, the skilled workers are used to
accomplish all the stages of assembly. But they are also held by the
pneumatic bolt guns and the over head automatic conveyors etc to make
their job easy.
Figure: Clutch and brake pedal fitting Figure: Engine and fuel tank
• After engine fitting there is assembly of front axle. After front axle there are
steering assembly of the steering and accessories.
• Then clutch pedal and break is fitted. Fuel tank is fitted after this. After the
whole assembly goes the lift for painting in the paint shop.
• The painting purpose there is cap fitted on bolts of wheel hub to protecting
from paint.

Figure: Front axle fitment

• Paint shop is completely automatic. In the paint shop first there is
degressing, water rinsing and demineralized ,water rinsing.
• After that air blowing is done. Paint Baking Oven removes the moisture from
water-based coatings and adhesives. After that unmasking and touch up and
painted the body.

Figure: Painted body of tractor

• After painting there is fitting of rear wheel with tire size of 12.4×28 and front
wheel fitment with the tire size of 6×16. After fitting the wheels there is
following accessories are assembled:

• Fan and Motor

• Rear hood
• Radiator and coolant
• Steering wheel
• Mirror
• Air filter
• Front light
• Seat
• Silencer
 Figure: Fitment of radiator

• Final Testing : Final testing of tractor is lift testing and the test
of track. At there a hydraulic force of 1050 kg applied and testing is
done.