BY :

PROF.ABHA BHARGAVA
Dr.NEELU KAMBOO
Er. SHIVANI
 APPROACH

OBSERVE ANALYSE
PLAN IMPLEMENT
RESULT
 METHODOLOGY

Results &discussion

Washing -off

Dyeing the fabric

Dyestuff extraction from onion peel

BENEFITS OF RESEARCH-WHY DO
IT?
Every research to be carried out has one thing in common “the desire to
enhance quality with minimum cost in an eco-friendly manner”.
With this research work, we have fulfilled the following chief goals:
Effective food
waste utilization
01

Eco-friendly
02
 ABSTRACT
Natural dyes are important substances from natural Resources like plants , minerals and
insects. These dyes are non- toxic and free of Health hazards like skin allergies. In this
work, natural dye was extracted from onion skin and used to dye on silk fabric using
natural mordant (Amla). Silk fabric was dyed using natural mordant (Amla) under 3
different conventional mordanting technique, pre-mordanting, simultaneous-mordanting
and post mordanting. The effect of colour strength of dyed silk fabric was examined
through CCM (Computer Colour Matching) and evaluation of colour strength (K/S), colour
data [CIE Lab L*, A*, B*] and colour fastness properties of dyed silk fabric against
washing fastness , dry and wet, rubbing were evaluated.
Keywords: Eco-friendly, natural dye, natural mordant, colour strength [1]
 INTRODUCTION
• Due to eco-friendliness of natural dyes and the awareness among people regarding the

environmental and health hazards associated with the use of synthetic dyes, the craze for the

clothing dyed with natural dye is increasing day by day.

•The aim of the work is to produce a variety of shades on the silk fabric by using Onion (

Allium cepa ) outer skin . Three different techniques of mordanting (Pre-mordanting, Meta-

mordanting, and Post-mordanting) have been applied. [2]

•As Onion is available and cheap, it will be convenient to produce unique shades of silk fabric,

and to produce trendy and fashionable garments. [3]

 SIGNIFICANCE OF USING
NATURAL DYES
•The main problem with those synthetic dyes is that they are non environment friendly and
they cause carcinogenic / allergic effect to human being and they are costly as well.

•The use of synthetic dyes without any knowledge is very dangerous for health.

•The importance of the use of natural dyes is not restricted only to the dyers but it also has a
national benefit by eliminating environmental pollution caused by the synthetic dyes .

• The issue of the environmental pollution is the main hindering factor for the the textile
factories .

•So , through this project the this gap of environmental issues will be filled .

•This can contribute its part for the attainment of “ green economy”[4]
 NATURAL VERSUS SYNTHETIC
NATURAL DYES SYNTHETIC DYES
• No effluent problem. • Certain compounds used in synthetic
• The resources from which most natural dyes are
dyes are carcinogenic or allergic.
generated will definitely assist in maintaining

eco –balances. • Cause environment pollution.

• Can give harmonizing colour. • Knowledge of colour design is necessary.

• Have pharmacological effects and possible

health benefits.

• Produces acceptable results .[8]

 WHY ONION ?
Onion (Allium cepa) is a vegetable used in our daily life for cooking food and widely

cultivated around the world. Most onions cultivated contain about 89% water, 4% sugar, 1%

protein, 2% fiber. Onion also contains compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids as well as

elements like iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and zinc.[5]

The skin of onion is not edible and considered as wastage. However, it contains a coloring

pigment called “Pelargonidin” (3, 5, 7, 4 tetrahydroxyantocy anidol). The amount of

this coloring pigment is found to be 2.25%, and the structural formula of it has

shown in Figure-1.
 OH

OH +

OH
OH

Figure .1:Structural formula of Peralgonidin “(3,5,7,4

tetrahydroxyantocyanidol)
 PROCESS FLOW

1.) PREPARATION 2.)APPLICATION

i)Dyestuff preparation Application of the prepared
dyestuff on silk fabric
ii)Mordant preparation
 PREPARATION OF DYESTUFF &
MORDANT
PREPARATION OF DYESTUFF:
20 gm of onion skin homogenised using IKA.T-18 homogeniser .

Placed into beaker.

Add 100ml distilled water.

Boil on a hot plate for 30 minutes .

Stored and filtered

Dry onion skin -6.731gmExtracted with ethanol.
Extract weight =3.535gm
 WHAT IS A MORDANT ?
•The term mordant is used for chemicals which usually have a metal with a valency

of at least two or more, they can also be other types of compound as well.

•Natural dyes also referred as mordant dyes; do not readily adhere to the fabric so mordants

are used. [6]

• Mordants are needed to set the color when using natural dyes.
•Different mordantswill give different hue color with the same dye. A mordant is thus a chemic
al agent which allows a reaction to occur between the dye and the fabric. In textiles, mordants
are used to fix the color in dyeing or fabric printing, especially for fabrics of plant

origin (cotton). [7]

 WHAT DOES A MORDANT DO?

Mordant is added to the dye source to influence it, it does not serve as a color source on its

own. The fabric is impregnated with the mordant, then during the dyeing process the dye

reacts with the mordant ,forming a chemical bond and attaching it firmly to the fabric.
 APPLICATION OF DYESTUFF
• APPARATUS: Beaker, glass rod, rubber bulb, pipette,dyeing pot

• SPECIFICATIONS:MLR =1: 40 in pre and post mordanting process

MLR =1: 20 in simultaneous mordanting process
Material = silk
• Auxiliaries solution:
mordant solution of amla

• DYE USED:
given natural dye extract(onion peel extract)
• Dye method used:
• Pre mordanting dyeing
• Post mordanting dyeing
• Simultaneously dyeing
Temperature (degree c) • Diagram depicting Process Curve for dyeing of silk with Onion Skin

Fabric +onion dye extract

70

30

5 30
Time (min)
 PRE-MORDANTING PROCESS
Weigh the fabric

Treat with the natural mordant i.e. “ Amla” .

Mordant is dissolved n water to make the liquor ratio equal to 1:40 .

Wetted sample is entered into mordant ssolution and brought to heating.

Temperature is maintained 80degree C ,the fabric is left at that temperature for another 30 minutes.

Then the material is rinsed ,squeezed and dried .

POST-MORDANTING PROCESS
The silk fabric is dyed with natural dye extract (onion peel).

Dyeing is carried out for 30 minutes at a temperature of 70 degree C.

Dyed sample is taken out and squeezed .

This dyed sample is treated with common salt and mordant of “amla” solution at 60 degree C for
30 minutes with liquor ofM:L ratio equal to 1:40 .

Soaping is done after washing with non ionic detergent.

Then the fabric is washed , rinsed and dried .

 SIMULTANEOUS MORDANTING
PROCESS
The fabric is treated with both the dye extract (extracted from onion peel) and mordant (amla)
simultaneously.

Temperature of 60 degreeC is maintained for 30 minutes.

M:Lof 1:20 is maintained .

Material is then rinsed ,squeezed .

Soaping is done.

The fabric is washed and dried properly.

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
RUBBING FASTNESS RESULT
METHOD OF DRY RUBBING WET RUBBING
DYEING FASTNESS FASTNESS
PRE -MORDANTING 4.5 4

POST-MORDANTING 4.5 4

SIMULTANEOUS 4.5 4
GREY SCALE CHANGE
METHOD OF DYEING GREY-SCALE
CHANGE
PRE -MORDANTING 2

POST-MORDANTING 3

SIMULTANEOUS 3.5
COLOUR COORDINATES:
Std . Name L* a* b* c* h*

Simultaneous 63.68 3.13 18.02 18.29 80.14

TRIAL NAME DL* Da* Db* Dc* DH*

Pre- 2.31L 0.23R 0.89Y 0.92B -0.07R

mordanting
Post- -7.50D 0.81R -3.77B -3.50D -1.61R
mordanting
 OBSERVATIONS
Following conclusions can be taken out :
The rubbing fastness ,both wet &dry is same in all the three methods i.e, &4.5
respectively.
The order of washing fastness or grey scale change is as follows :
SIMULTANEOUS>POST-MORDANTING>PRE-MORDANTING
 CONCLUSION
In the study, dry onion skins of onions were used for colouring natural textile materials. It was
an effort to utilize the waste material in an efficient manner which could minimize the cost of
dyeing. The source is easy to collect and its dyeing process does not harm the environment.
Samples dyed in acidic medium showed better results in terms of shades obtained with
different mordants, dye absorption, brightness and colour variation. Results of colour
fastness to washing, perspiration, crocking as well as light obtained from the pre and post
mordanted silk samples dyed in neutral and acidic medium gave good to excellent colour
fastness properties. So, at the end, it can be concluded that onion peel can be used as a good
source of natural dye on a large scale.
 REFERENCES
[1] Gulrajani ML. Ed Colourage, Indian Textile Journal. 1999; 63:19.
[2] Gulrajani ML, Gupta D. Innovation in Natural Dyes, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. 2001;
80:87.
[3] Gulrajani ML. Present Status of Natural Dyes, Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research. 2001;
26:191-201.
[4]Mirani CH. Test Methods for Colour Measurements. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2006;
[5] Mohanty BC, Chandramouli KV, Naik HD. Natural Dyeing Processes of India, published by Calico
Museum of Textiles, Ahmedabad, India. 1987.
[6] Onal A et al. Extraction of Dye Stuff from Onion Skin and its Application in the Dyeing of Wool,
Feathered Leather Cotton.
[7]Turkey Journal of Chemistry. Cali Chavan RB. Revival of Natural Dyes, A Word of Caution to
Environmentalists, Convention proceedings- Eco Friendly Textile Procession, Department of Textile
Technology, IIT, Delhi, 1995;
[8]Glover B, Pierce JH. Are Natural Colorants Good For Your Health? Journal of the Society of Dyers and
Colourists. 1993; 109(1):5-7. [9] Gulrajani ML. Ed Colourage, Indian Textile Journal. 1999; 63:19. 4. Gulrajani
ML, Gupta D. Innovation in Natural Dyes, Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. 2001; 80:87fornia.
1995;
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I gratefully acknowledge the support of Prof. Abha Bhargava .
I would like to express gratiude towards respected Director Dr. Mukesh
Kumar Singh for promoting such activities and providing me full support and
thereby giving me every possible chance to learn and enhance my knowledge
throughout the “JOURNEY OF THIS RESEARCH”.
I would also like to thank Er. Shivani for her continuous and sincere efforts.
Lastly I would thank “IIT team” for providing us such a priviledged platform .