Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
KCH
“BREAST CANCER”
Wisdom’s Lecture Notes
2. Organ of Beauty
• Conical in shape
• Montgomeries tubercles
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 16.32a
Lymphatic Drainage
75% Axillary nodes rest –internal
thoracic nodes
Axillary nodes classified in 2 ways
- Region (Lateral,Medical/Central, Anterior,
Posterior & Apical)
- Levels( In relation to the Pectoralis Minor
Muscle)
level 1 (below Pec Minor),Level 2 (behind)
Level 3 (above)
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 16.33
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- Actual breast cancer incidence not known in
Zambia- about 1 in 100,000 women at risk
- Ranks 2nd women cancers after cervical
cancers
- Ranks 1st in developed countries amongst
women cancers- 1in 10 women at risk
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
• Females • Being female
– Early menarche
– Late menopause
– Nulliparity or 1st pregnancy
>30 y.o.a.
– White race
– Old age
– Family history of breast
cancer
– Genetic predisposition
(BRCA 1, BRCA 2, Li
Fraumeni Syndrome)
– Prior personal history of
breast cancer
– DCIS or LCIS
– Atypical ductal or lobular
hyperplasia
Classification of breast cancer
• Triple Assessment
a) Clinical
History, examination
b) Radiological
Ultrasound (below 35yrs)
Mammogram (after 35yrs)
c) Pathological/Histology
FNAC, Biopsy
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
• About 90% of breast masses are discovered by the
patient herself.
• A lump (usually painless) in the breast about 70%
of patients
• Breast pain
• Nipple discharge
• Erosion
• Retraction
• Ulceration
• Enlargement, or itching of the nipple
• Redness,
• Generalized hardness,
• Enlargement, or shrinking of the breast.
• Axillary mass or swelling of the arm may be
the first symptom.
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Examination
Peau d’ orange
Retraced
nippleted
Puckered
skin
Asymmetry of breasts
SIGNS
• Asymmetry
• Ulceration
• Peau d’ orange
• Nipple deviation or retraction
• Hyperpigmentation
• Hard mass
• Nipple discharge
• Fixation
• Palpable lymph nodes
METASTASIS
• Lymph nodes
• Lung
• Brain
• Liver
• Bone
• Breast was divided
into 5 parts in order
to locate the mass.
• The relative
frequency of
carcinoma in
various anatomic
sites
19
INVESTIGATIONS-RADIOLOGICAL
• HER2
• ER
• PR
STAGING: Manchester staging
Stage-I
lump <2cm, mobile,
Stage –II
26
Surgery
• Stage-1,
- Quadrantectomy + radiotherapy, simple
mastectomy + radiotherapy
- Axilla nodes are absent
- No need of chemotherapy if radiotherapy is
available
27
Surgery
• Stage-2,
-Modified radical + radiation
• Stage –3
-Modified radical + chemotherapy + radiation
• Stage –4
-Palliation ( toilet mastectomy)
28
Surgery-axilla
• Axilla sampling
• Level-I, Level-II, Level-III
• Tendon of pectoralis minor is the determinant
• Level- III clearance associated with lymphoedema
29
• Tamoxifen 20mg daily for at least five years
• Oophorectomy
• Adrenelectomy
5 Year Survival Rate According to
Stage
Stage 5 Year Survival Rate
I 92%
II 87%
III 75%
IV 13%
CONCLUSION
• Self examination
• Surgery main stay of treatment
• Adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy
• All patient especially oestrogen positive should be
given tamoxifen
• Early cancer of breast should be treated
aggressively
• Breast cancer is a systemic disease
32
REFERENCES