Ensuring Excellence at sea at all times

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Naval
Architecture
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
MARINE ENGINEERING

2
BUOYANCY
At the end of the course the
students will be able to:
Explains what is meant by ‘buoyancy’.

States that the force of buoyancy is an

upward force on a floating object created by
the pressure of liquid on the object.
TOPIC OBJECTIVES
States that the buoyancy force is equal to
the displacement of a floating object.

Describes reserve buoyancy.

Explains the importance of reserve

buoyancy.
Explains how freeboard is related to reserve
buoyancy.

Explains the purpose of load lines.

Explains the requirements for maintaining

watertight integrity.

Demonstrates an understanding of damage

TOPIC OBJECTIVES
stability requirements for a certain vessels.

Explains reasons for damage stability

requirements.

Identifies damage stability requirements for

Type A vessels, Type (B-60) and Type (B-
100) vessels.
Identifies equilibrium condition after flooding
for Type A, and all Type B vessels.

Identifies damage stability requirements for

passenger vessels.

TOPIC OBJECTIVES
3.5.1
Center of Gravity is the point in a body where the gravitational force may be taken to act.

Center of Buoyancy is the center of gravity for the volume of water which a hull displaces.

When the hull is upright the center of gravity and center of buoyancy are on the same vertical line, and the hull is
metacenter
The point where the new line
of buoyancy force intersects the initial line is
denoted as the initial metacentre M. For
practical purposes, in normal merchant ships
the point M does not change in position for
inclination up to about 7-15 degrees.
 3.5.2

A ship or any other freely floating body

displaces its own weight of the liquid it is in
when afloat. This weight (w) acts downward
through the center of gravity of the body (G)
and is resisted by an upward buoyant force
(equal to w), which acts through the center of
buoyancy (B)
 3.5.7

The position of the center of buoyancy

changes depending on the attitude of the
vessel in the water. As the vessel increases or
reduces its draft so the center of buoyancy
moves up or down respectively caused by
increase in water displaced. As the vessel lists
the center of buoyancy moves in a direction
governed by the changing shape of the
submerged part of the hull. For small angles
the tendency is for the center of buoyancy to
 3.5.9
• Archimedes' buoyancy principle states that
buoyant force -- what keeps the ship afloat --
is equal to the weight of water that is
displaced when the ship enters the ocean. If
the weight of displaced water is at least equal
to the weight of the ship, the ship will float.
Stability- is the ability of a vessel to return to its
original condition or position after it has been
disturbed by an outside force.
Righting arm
The horizontal distance between the center of gr
avity and a vertical line through the center of
buoyancy of a ship that isdisplaced from the u
pright position; knowledge of this quantity is n
ecessary to determine the righting moment.
 3.5.19
• A Righting Moment is created by the ship to
keep itself upright. In this case, the force is
equal to the ship's displacement (WF) and the
distance is the ship's righting arm (GZ) at each
particular angle of heel.
Statical Stability
With initial stability (0o to 7o-10o) the metacenter
does not move, and the Sine function is almost linear
(a straight line).

Therefore, the size of the ships Righting Arm, GZ, is

directly proportional to the size of the ships
Metacentric Height, GM. Thus, GM is a good measure
of the ships initial stability.
THE STABILITY TRIANGLE
 When a ship is inclined, the center of
buoyancy shifts off centreline while the center
of gravity remains in the same location. Since
the forces of buoyancy and gravity are equal
and act along parallel lines, but in opposite
directions, a rotation is developed.

 This is called a couple, two moments

acting simultaneously to produce rotation. This
rotation returns the ship to where the forces of
buoyancy and gravity balance out.
With initial stability (0o to 7o-10o) the
metacenter does not move, and the Sine
function is almost linear (a straight line.)
Therefore, the size of the ships Righting Arm,
GZ, is directly proportional to the size of the
ships Metacentric Height, GM. Thus, GM is a
good measure of the ships initial stability.
Statical Stability

 The distance between the forces of buoyancy and

gravity is known as the ships righting arm. As shown above,
the righting arm is a perpendicular line drawn from the
center of gravity to the point of intersection on the force of
buoyancy line.

 For small angles of heel (0o through 7o to 10o,

metacentre doesn't move), the value for the ships righting
arm (GZ) may be found by using trigonometry:

Statical Sta
Statical Stability
RIGHTING MOMENT (RM)
 The Righting Moment is the best measure
of a ship's overall stability. It describes the ship's
true tendency to resist inclination and return to
equilibrium.

 The Righting Moment is equal to the ships

Righting Arm multiplied by the ships
displacement.

Click to vie
Statical Stability

Example:
A destroyer displaces 6000 LT and has a
righting arm of 2.4 FT when inclined to 40
degrees. What is the ships Righting Moment?

RM = 2.4 FT x 6000 LT

RM = 14,400 FT-Tons (pronounced "foot tons")

Sample Prob
STATICAL STABILITY CURVE
(RIGHTING ARM CURVE)
 When a ship is inclined through
all angles of heel, and the righting
arm for each angle is measured,
the statical stability curve is
produced.

 This curve is a "snapshot" of

the ship's stability at that
particular loading condition.
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