sasunTqi sistema

adamianis sasunTqi sistemis agebulebis sqema

cxviris Rrus lorwovani garsi
Nasal cavity - kitten (coronal
section)
H & E/Alcian blue Ч 12
 Trachea
H & E/Alcian blue Ч 9
Primary bronchus
H & E Ч 150
Primary bronchus
H & E Ч 300
 Bronchial epithelium - rat
Thin section: toluidine blue Ч 800
Primary bronchus epithelium
SEM Ч 2000
Tertiary (segmental) bronchus
Elastic van Gieson Ч 75
Bronchiole
H & E Ч 150
 Bronchiole
Immunoperoxidase Ч 200
 Pulmonary artery
Elastic van Gieson/Alcian blue Ч 75
Terminal portion of the respiratory
tree
Elastic van Gieson Ч 40
 Alveoli
H & E Ч 480
 Alveoli
Thin section: toluidine blue Ч 480
Alveolar wall
EM Ч 6000
Alveolar septum
EM Ч 34 000
Alveolar macrophage
EM Ч 8000
Type II pneumocytes
H & E Ч 400
Type II pneumocytes
EM Ч 9000
Type II pneumocytes
EM Ч 35 000
Pulmonary elastic tissue
Elastic van Gieson Ч 130
Pulmonary elastic tissue
EM Ч 26 000
 Pulmonary capillaries
Dye-perfused preparation Ч 420
Visceral pleura
H & E Ч 100
Visceral pleura
H & E Ч 200
Basic histology
 The main divisions of the respiratory tract. The
natural proportions of these structures have been
altered for clarity; the respiratory bronchiole, for
example, is in reality a short transitional structure.
Photomicrograph illustrating the main components
of the respiratory epithelium. Pararosaniline—
toluidine blue (PT) stain. High magnification.
 Electron micrograph of ciliated columnar cells of
the respiratory epithelium, showing the ciliary
microtubules in transverse and oblique section.
In the cell apex are the U-shaped basal bodies
that serve as the source of, and anchoring sites
for, the ciliary axonemes. The local accumulation
of mitochondria is related to energy production
for ciliary movement. Note the junctional
complex. x9200.
 respiratory mucosa. Top: Most of the surface is covered
with cilia. G, goblet cells. x2500. Bottom: Subsurface
accumulations of mucus are evident in the goblet cells (thin
arrows). Thick arrowheads indicate brush cells. x3000.
(Reproduced, with permission, from Andrews P: A scanning
electron microscopic study of the extrapulmonary
respiratory tract. Am J Anat 1974;139:421.)
Olfactory mucosa showing the 3 cell types (supporting,
olfactory, and basal) and a Bowman’s gland.
 goblet cells and columnar ciliated cells. Also shown are
serous glands in the lamina propria and hyaline cartilage.
The mucous fluid produced by the goblet cells and by the
glands forms a layer that permits the ciliary movement to
propel foreign particles out of the respiratory system. PT
stain. Medium magnification.
entire bronchiolar tree, including the respiratory bronchiole.
Contraction of this muscle induces folding of the mucosa.
The elastic fibers in the bronchus continue into the
bronchiole. The lower portion of the drawing represents a
region with its connective tissue removed to show the
presence of elastic fibers and smooth muscle. The
adventitia is not shown.
 Section of a bronchus wall showing the respiratory
epithelium with goblet cells and columnar ciliated cells. The
connective tissue of the lamina propria contains serous
glands and smooth muscle (SM). In the lower half of the
photomicrograph is a large piece of hyaline cartilage. PT
stain. Medium magnification.
 Large bronchus. Note the distinct layer of smooth muscle
that influences the flux of air in the respiratory system. PT
stain. Medium magnification.
 Section of a bronchus wall with bronchus-associated
lymphoid tissue (BALT), a component of the diffuse
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), whose
distribution and functions are described in Chapter 14. PT
stain. Medium magnification.
Clara cells in the epithelium of a terminal bronchiole. These
cells show secretory granules and a bulging apical
cytoplasm. PT stain. High magnification.
Photomicrograph of a section from the wall of a terminal
bronchiole. Note that no cartilage is present, but there is
an incomplete ring of smooth muscle. PT stain. Low
magnification.
 Photomicrograph of a thick section of lung showing a terminal
bronchiole dividing into 2 respiratory bronchioles, in which alveoli
appear. The spongelike appearance of the lung is due to the
abundance of alveoli and alveolar sacs. H&E stain. Low magnification.
Diagram of a portion of the bronchial tree. Note
that the smooth muscle in the alveolar duct
disappears in the alveoli
Bird’s-eye view of a lung section showing branching of
bronchioles with different sizes of bronchioles (1, 2, 3),
large blood vessels, and alveoli. PT stain. Low
magnification.
Transition of a terminal bronchiole into an alveolar
duct (arrow). Note the Clara cells (arrowheads).
PT stain. Medium magnification.
Three-dimensional schematic diagram of pulmonary alveoli showing the
structure of the interalveolar septum. Note the capillaries, connective
tissue, and macrophages. These cells can also be seen in–or passing
into–the alveolar lumen. Alveolar pores are numerous. Type II cells are
identified by their abundant apical microvilli. The alveoli are lined with
a continuous epithelial layer of type I cells.
Section of a lung fixed by intra-alveolar injection of fixative. Observe in
the interalveolar septum 3-laminar structures (arrowheads) constituted
by a central basement membrane and 2 very thin cytoplasmic layers.
These layers are formed by the cytoplasm of epithelial cell type I and
the cytoplasm of capillary endothelial cells. PT stain. High
magnification.
 Cryofracture preparation showing an occluding junction
between 2 type I epithelial cells of the alveolar lining.
x25,000. (Reproduced, with permission, from Schneeberger
EE: Lung Liquids. Ciba Foundation Symposium no. 38.
Elsevier/North-Holland, 1976.)
 Secretion of surfactant by a type II cell. Surfactant is a protein-lipid complex
synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex and stored
in the lamellar bodies. It is continuously secreted by means of exocytosis
(arrows) and forms an overlying monomolecular film of lipid covering an
underlying aqueous hypophase. Occluding junctions around the margins of the
epithelial cells prevent leakage of tissue fluid into the alveolar lumen.
 Electron micrograph of a type II cell protruding into the
alveolar lumen. Arrows indicate lamellar bodies containing
newly synthesized pulmonary surfactant. RER, rough
endoplasmic reticulum; G, Golgi complex; RF, reticular
fibers. Note the microvilli of the type II cell and the
junctional complexes (JC) with the type I epithelial cell.
x17,000. (Courtesy of MC Williams.)
 vessels and bronchi are enlarged out of proportion in this
drawing. In the interlobular septum, only one vein (on the
left) and one lymphatic vessel (on the right) are shown,
although both actually coexist in both regions. At the lower
left, an enlargement of the pleura shows its mesothelial
lining. (Modified and reproduced, with permission, from
Ham AW: Histology, 6th ed. Lippincott, 1969.)