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 Materials can be defined as anything which satisfies
the human needs
or
 Materials are substances of which some thing is
composed or made of.
 Since civilization materials are in use by people to
improve their standard of living.
 Materials are everywhere about us in the shapes of
products

WEC 6/11/2019 3
Three categories……….Based on chemical make up &
atomic structure
 Metals
 Polymers
 Ceramics

And additional
 Composites,
 Semiconductors
 Bio-medical
 Smart Materials
 Nano-engineered Materials

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A particular material is selected on the basis of following
considerations
1. Properties of material
 Mechanical properties - strength, ductility,
toughness, hardness, strength to weight ratio etc.
 Physical properties - density, specific heat, thermal
expansion, conductivity , melting point etc.
 Chemical properties - oxidation , corrosion,
flammability, toxicity, Acidity or Alkalinity etc.
 Manufacturing properties - formed, casting,
machined, welding

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2. Cost of material
3. Availability of material (desired shape and Size and
quantity) & reliability of supply.
4. Service in life of material- Dimensional stability of
material wear , corrosion etc., shorten life.
5. Appearance of material- Color, Surface texture etc.

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Materials

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 Cast iron sewer lid
Extruded steel tubes

Bio-nanocircuit

Aluminum foam

Single molecule diode

Polymers Borosilicate Glass Forged and machined Ti alloy fan disk

(aka Gumby and Pokey) for a large commercial aero-engine.
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 Properties of Materials
Each material has many properties. It is incorrect,
for example to describe a material as just ‘strong’
or ‘weak’ as for example concrete is strong in
compression but weak in tension.
Stress Strain Strength
Ductility Brittleness Hardness
Toughness Malleability Stiffness
Elasticity Plasticity Resilience
Fatigue Creep Machinability
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Stress
Intensity of the internally distributed forces or component
of forces that resist a change in the form of a body.
Such as Tension, Compression, Shear, Torsion, Flexure
Stress calculated by force per unit area. Applied force
divided by the cross sectional area of the specimen.

F

Stress units A
Pascals = Pa = N/m2

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Strain
Physical change in the dimensions of a specimen that
results from applying a load to the test specimen.
Strain calculated by the ratio of the change in length and
the original length. (Deformation)
l

l0
Strain units: (Dimensionless)
When units are given they usually are in/in or mm/mm.

% Elongation = strain x 100%

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Strength
The ability of a material to withstand forces of
tension, compression and torsion
Tensile Strength – the ability to withstand
pulling forces or Tension forces
Compressive Strength – the ability to
withstand ‘squeezing’ forces or
Compression forces
Torsional Strength – the ability to
withstand ‘twisting’ forces or Torsion
forces
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Ductility
A material that can be pulled or stretched into a
thin wire or thread.
The ductile materials are mild steel, copper,
Aluminium, Nickel, Zinc, Tin, Lead etc.

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Brittleness
A material that is easily fractured by impact is
said to be brittle e.g. Glass, Cast Iron etc.
The same as the
toughness test
however those
materials that
fracture easily
are said to be
brittle.

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 It is the property of a material opposite to ductility.
 It is the property of breaking of a material with little or no
permanent distortion / deformation.
 Brittle materials when subjected to tensile loads break off
without giving any sensible elongation.
 Important for designing of machine tools which are subjected to
sudden loads

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Hardness
The ability of a material to resist wear, indentation and
scratching.
It also means the ability of a metal to cut another metal.
The hardness is usually expressed in numbers, which are
dependent on the method of making the test.

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Toughness
The ability of a material to
withstand blows or sudden
impact. OR
It is measured by the
amount of energy that a unit
volume of the material has
absorbed after being
subjected to sudden loads
up to the point of fracture.

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Malleability
A material that can be rolled or hammered into
shape without rupture.
The malleable materials commonly used in
engineering practice are lead, soft steel,
wrought iron, copper and aluminum etc

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Stiffness
The ability of a material to resist bending
deformation.

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Elasticity
The ability of a material to return to its original
shape after deformation.
The property is desirable for materials used in
tools & machines.
It may be noted that steel is more elastic than
rubber.

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Plasticity
The ability of a material to be permanently
deformed without fracture..

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Resilience
It is the property of a material to absorb energy
and to resist shock and impact load.

The property is essential for spring materials.

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 Fatigue
When a material is subjected to repeated stresses, it fails at stresses
below the yield point. Such type of failure of a material is known as
fatigue.
The failure is caused by means of a progressive crack formation,
which are usually fine, and of microscopic size.
This property is considered in design & production of reciprocating
machines & components subjected to vibrations such as shafts,
connecting rods, springs, gears, etc.

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Creep
When a part is subjected to a constant stress at high
temperature for a long period of time, it will undergo
a slow and permanent deformation called creep.

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Creep is important in the following cases:
Soft metals used at room temp such as lead pipes & white
metal (lead & tin alloy) bearings etc
Steam & chemical plants operating at 450 to 550C
Gas turbines working at higher temp
Rockets, missiles, supersonic jets
Nuclear reactor field

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 It is the property of a material, which refers to a
relative ease with which a material can be cut by
machining operation such as turning, drilling,
milling etc.
 It depends upon mechanical & physical properties,
chemical composition & microstructure of metal &
cutting conditions

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 The machinability of a material can be measured in
a number of ways such as
◦ comparing the tool life for cutting different materials or
◦ thrust required to remove the material at some given rate
or
◦ the energy required to remove a unit volume of the material.

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 Common or
Property Interpretation
Related Measure
Strength Ability to resist breaking Yield stress

Stiffness Ability to resist deformation Modulus of elasticity

Permanent deformation % Elongation & or
Ductility
before breaking % Reduction in area
Energy or work
Ability to withstand impact or
Toughness necessary to fracture
resist breaking
material
Ability to resist indentation Scores on hardness
Hardness
abrasion/scratching tests
Gradual, continuing
Creep deformation under an Creep strength
applied constant stress
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