UNPACKING THE

SELF
LESSON 1: The Physical and Sexual Self

LESSON 2: To Buy or Not to Buy?

LESSON 3: Supernaturals: Believe It or Not!

LESSON 4: The Political Self and Being Filipino

LESSON 5: Who am I in the Cyberworld? (Digital Self)

 LESSON 2: To Buy or Not to Buy?

 explain the association of self and possessions

 identify the role of consumer culture to self and

identity

 evaluate one’s self based on the description of

material self.
 “We regard our possessions as parts of
ourselves. We are what we have and what we
possess.”

-Belk (1998)

There is a direct link between self-identity with

what we have and possess.

material self
ACTIVITY:

Debit Card Challenge

A very wealthy person gave you a debit card

and told you to use it as much as you want to
make yourself happy. What are you going to do
with it? Make a list of what you want to have. Write
as many as you want.
ANALYSIS:

Answer the following questions:

1.How do you feel as you do the Debit Card

Challenge?

2.Which among the items in your list you like the

most? Why?

3.If ever you were given the chance in real life to

have one among the list, which would you
choose? Why?
4. Does your choice different from what you

answer in question number 2? Why or why not?

5. Let your classmate read your list. Ask her/him to

give or write a quick impression of yourself based

on the list you showed him/her.

6. Is the quick impression of your classmate has

some truth about who you are?

Material Self

William James, wrote in his book (The Principles

of Psychology) in 1890 that understanding the self
can be examined through its different components.

1.Its constituents

2.The feelings and emotions they arouse – self-

feelings

3.The action that they prompt – self-seeking and

self-preservation.
 The constituents of self are composed of the
material self, the social self, the spiritual self
and the pure ego.

 The material self is about our bodies, clothes,

immediate family, and home. We are deeply
affected by these things because we have put
much investment of our self to them.
 SELF
Body
Clothes
Immediate
Family

Home

Material Self Investment Diagram

 BODY

The innermost part of our material self is our

body. Intentionally, we are investing in our body.
We are directly attached to this commodity that we
cannot live without. We strive hard to make sure
that this body functions well and good. Any ailment
or disorder directly affect us.
 CLOTHES

Next to our body are the clothes we use.

Influenced by the “Philosophy of Dress” by

Herman Lotze.

Clothing is an essential part of the material self.

The fabric and style of the clothes we wear bring

sensations to the body to which directly affect our
attitudes and behavior.
 Clothing is a form of self-expression.

 We choose and wear clothes that reflect our

self.
 IMMEDIATE FAMILY

Our parents and siblings hold another great

important part of our self.

What they do or become affect us.

We place huge investment in our immediate family

when we see them as the nearest replica of our
self.
 HOME

Home is where our heart is.

It is the earliest nest of our selfhood.

Our experiences inside the home were recorded

and marked on particular parts and things at home.

“the home is an extension of self, we can directly

connect to our self”
 Having investment of self to things made us
attached to those things.

 As James described self: “A man’s self is the

total of all what he CAN call his.”

 Possessions then become a part or an

extension of the self.
WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE

Russel Belk “We regard our possessions as parts of

ourselves. We are what we have and what we possess.”

The possessions that we dearly have tell

something about who we are, our self-concept, our
past, and even our future.
APPLICATION AND ASESSMENT

Debit Card Challenge List

1.Go back to your Debit Card Challenge List. Put a

mark on the left side of each item with the following
categories:

B - if the item is related with your body.

C - if the item is related with clothes.

F - if the item is related or intended to your family.

H - if the item is related with home.

2. Answer the following questions:

•Which among the categories you have the most in

your list?

•What do you think these things tell you about

yourself?

3. Make a reflection about material self. You may

use your answers from the above questions in
making your paper. (Assignment)
09-28-18 (FRIDAY)

COLLAGE MAKING

Create a collage of your treasured

possessions including your current clothing style.
You may use symbols or pictures of your treasured
possessions. Put a short note why you treasure
each item.
 LESSON 3: Supernaturals: Believe It or Not!

Identify various religious practices and beliefs

Understand the self in relation with religious

beliefs

Explain ways of finding the meaning of life

Spiritual Self

One of the four constituents of the “self”

It is the most intimate and inner subjective part

of self.

The ability to use moral sensibility and

conscience may seen through the expression of
religion (beliefs and practices).

Cultural rituals and ceremonies are some

manifestations what people believe in.
Seeking the meaning of life is a journey that the
spiritual self is on.
RELIGION

•Rebecca Stein defined religion as a set of

cultural beliefs and practices that usually
includes some or all the basic characteristics.
1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural
being: Spirits and God.
2. A focus on the sacred supernatural, where
sacred refers to a feeling of reverence and
awe.
3. The presence of supernatural power or
energy that is found on supernatural beings
as well as physical beings and objects.
4. The performance of ritual activities that involves
the manipulation of sacred object to communicate to
supernatural beings.

5. The articulation of worldview and moral codes

through narratives and other means.

6. Provide the creation and maintenance of social

bonds and mechanism of social control within the
community: provide explanation for unknown and a
sense of control for individuals.
RITUAL

•It is the performance of ceremonial acts

prescribed by a tradition or sacred law.

There are three fundamental

characteristics of rituals according to
Penner.

1. A feeling or emotion of respect, awe,

fascination, or dread in relation to the
sacred.
2. Dependence upon a belief system that
is usually expressed in the language of
myth.

3. Is symbolic in relation to its reference.

Participation to rituals is expressions of

religious beliefs.
World Religious Beliefs and Practices

1.Buddhism
They believes that life is not a bed of
roses. Instead, there are suffering, pain,
and frustrations.
Customs and Practices
There are two type of meditation:
1. Samantha – is practiced as
mindfulness of breathing and
development of loving-kindness.

2. Vipassana – practices aim at

developing insight into reality. An achieve
a deeper acquiring wisdom is by studying
Buddha’s teaching, the Dharma.
Buddhists believe in non-violence
principle.
DHARMA WHEEL
 Some of the major Buddhist celebrations
are:

Paninirvana Day in February.

Buddha Day (Wesak) in May.
Dharma Day in July.
Padmasambhava Day in October.
Sangha Day in November.
 Paninirvana Day - Nirvana Day is an annual
Buddhist festival that remembers the death of the
Buddha when he reached Nirvana at the age of
80.

 Buddha Day (Wesak) - It is sometimes referred to

as Buddha's Birthday, Buddha Day or Buddha
Purnima.

 Dharma Day - This is one of Buddhism's most

important festivals, celebrating the Buddha's first
sermon in which he revealed the key things he
learned when he attained enlightenment.
 Padmasambhava Day

 Sangha Day - Sangha Day is the second

most important Buddhist festival. It is a
celebration in honour of the Sangha or
the Buddhist community. For some
Buddhists Sangha refers only to monks
and nuns.
2. Christianity

They believe in Trinitarian God. One God in

three personas: God (Creator), God the Son
(Savior), and God the Holy Spirit (Sustainer).

Eternal life after death will be achieved

through faith in Jesus Christ.

The Holy Bible is a selection of books: Old

Testament and New Testament.
Customs and Practices

1.Sacrament of Baptism – symbolizes the

birth in Christian World.
2.Sacrament of Communion – is an act of
remembrance of Jesus Christ’s sacrificial
love.
3.Christmas – December 25,
commemorates the birth of Jesus Christ.
4.Resurrection Sunday(Easter) – depends
on the lunar calendar, sometime in March
or April) celebrates the resurrection of
Jesus Christ from death.
3. Hinduism

Hinduism covers a wide range of

traditional beliefs and religious groups;
thus, there is no single founder or leader.

Hindus believe that existence is a cycle

of birth, death and rebirth, governed by
Karma.
 Karma is a concept where the
reincarnated life will depend on how the
past life was spent.

 Hindus believe that the soul passes

through a cycle of successive lives and
its next incarnation is always dependent
on how the previous life was lived.
VEDAS are sacred scriptures of Hindus.
Mahabharata and Ramayana are two
other important texts of the Hindus.
Customs and Practices

Diwali and Navrati are most celebrated

festivals of the Hindus.

Diwali – festival of lights.

Navrati – festival of nine nights, which

celebrate the triumph of good over evil.
4. Islam

They believe in Allah, who is their “One

God”.

They believe in the unity and universality

of God.
 Muslims also have a strong sense
of community or “ummah” and an
awareness of their solidarity with all
Muslims worldwide.

 Islam means “willing to submission

to God”.

 They believe that Mohammed is the

last and final prophet sent by God.
Quran

It is the Holy Book of Islam.

Customs and Practices

Muslims believe in the five pillars of Islam

(Foundation of Muslim Life).

1.Shahadah – is a statement of faith:

“There is no God but the one true God and
Mohammed is his messenger”.

2. Salat – the prayer that is practices five

times a day.
3. Zakat – the monetary offering for the
benefit of the poor. It compromises the
2.5% of a Muslim’s assets.

4. Hajj – the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca.

5. Sawm – the fasting. Muslims do fasting,

from food, drink, and sexual act during the
celebration of Ramadan.

Ramadan – is the 9th month of the Islamic

lunar calendar.
Two major festivals in Islam are:

Eidul-Fitr – is the celebration at the end of

Ramadan.

Eidul-Adha – is celebrated within the

completion
of the Pilgrimage,
the Hajj.
5. Judaism

The Jews believe in the God of Abraham.

Canaan – the promised land through the

leadership of Moses.
 They believe in the coming of Messiah,
the Savior.

 The sacred scripture of the Jews is

called the Torah or the Law.

*10 Commandments
Customs and Practices

•There are five major festivals observed by

the Jews:

1.Rosh Hashanah – the New Year

2.Yom Kippur – the Day of Atonement
3.Pesach – Passover
4.Shavuot – Pentecost
5.Sukkot – Tabernacles. The Jewish
Sabbath begins on Friday evening.
 Religious beliefs, rituals, practices, and
customs are all part of the expression of
the spiritual self.

 What to believe and how to manifest the

belief is entirely dependent on the
individual, to the self.
LIFE
 Finding and Creating Meaning of Life

VIKTOR E. FRANKL

•Date of Birth: March 26, 1905

•Place of Birth: Vienna, Austria

•Graduated with a medical degree from the

University of Vienna in 1930.

•He was assigned in Vienna Hospital

suicide ward.
Logotherapy

•The main belief of a logo therapy is that

“man’s primary motivational force is search
for meaning.”

•Aids individuals to find personal meaning

of life, whatever life situation they may be.
Logotherapy Assumptions

1.The human being is an entity

consisting of body, mind, and spirit. It
deals with the body (soma), mind (psyche),
and spirit (noos).

2.Life has meaning under all

circumstances, even the most
miserable.
3. People have a will to meaning. It is our
main motivation for living and acting.

4. People have freedom under all

circumstances to activate the will to find
meaning.

5. Life has a demand quality to which

people must respond if decisions are to
be meaningful.
6. The individual is unique.

__________________________________

In essence, all humans are unique with an

entity of body, mind, and spirit. We all go
through unique situations and are
constantly looking to find meaning. We are
free to do these at all times in response to
certain demands.
Frankl’s Sources of Meaning

1.Purposeful Work – to find the meaning

of life starts with holding a future goal.

2.Courage in the Face of Difficulty – a

meaningful life is a life with suffering.

3.Love
LESSON 4: The Political Self and
Being a
Filipino

•Develop a Filipino identity.

•Identify the different Filipino values and

traits.

•Reflect on your selfhood in relation to your

national identity.
 Who Is a Filipino?
•What makes a Filipino a genuine
Filipino?

•If you were to introduce yourself as a

Filipino to a person of another
nationality and he/she asks, “Who are
Filipinos?” what will you reply?
 Filipino Values and Traits

 The Philippines is a lush island paradise

famous for its grandiose mountain views,
pristine beaches, and rich and diverse
culture changing from province to
province. While Philippines may be well
known for its awe-inspiring beauty,
perhaps the Filipinos’ unique traits,
reputable values, and laudable talents
make the country a place to be.
 Tourists who have visited the Philippines
can never forget the big and bright smiles
that greeted them, the colorful and loud
jeepneys, the common Filipino phrases
such as “Mabuhay!” and “Salamat!” and
habits such as saying “po” and “opo” to the
elders, leaving shoes or slippers at the
front door before entering a house.
1. The Filipino Hospitality

• A Filipino trait that is known everywhere is

the Filipino’s brand of hospitality.

• Filipinos welcome their guests and tourists

as if they are their own brothers and
sisters; they always make their guests feel
at home, offering them something to eat,
or even a place to stay.
2. Respect for Elders

•Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their

hand while saying “Mano po!” and constantly
using “po” and “opo” in conversations.

•Forgetting to address older people properly

will regard them as rude and impolite.
3. Close Family Ties

•Filipinos maintain a tight relationship with their

families regardless if the children are old enough
and already have families of their own.

•They are also fond of family reunions during

birthdays, holidays, or fiestas year-round.

•Filipino families even choose to live in a big

house where everyone can stay together.
4. Cheerful Personality

•Filipinos have a habit of smiling and

laughing a lot.

•Smiling has been a coping strategy for many

Filipinos especially during calamities.
5. Self-sacrifice

•The self-sacrificing attitude of Filipinos can

be seen as an extension of the Filipino
hospitality.

•Filipinos go out of their way to extend help to

their friends, families, and loved ones.
6. Bayanihan

•Bayanihan is the spirit of communal unity

and cooperation of Filipinos.

•It is about giving without expecting

something in return.
7. “Bahala Na” Attitude

•“Bahala na” is the Filipino version of the

famous line “Hakuna Matata” meaning no
worries.

•The phrase is said to have originated from

“Bathala na” Bathala means God, and the
phrase meaning leaving everything into
God’s hands.
8. Colonial Mentality

•Colonial mentality is regarded as the lack of

patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos
favor foreign products more than their own.

•This does not only concern goods, but also

the desire to look more foreign than local and
keep up with foreign beauty trends.
9. Mañana Habit

•This is the Filipino term for procrastination.

•It was derived from a longer Filipino phrase

called “Mamaya na” meaning dawdling
things, which could have been done at an
earlier time. It is a poor habit of laziness that
results in heavier workloads.
10. Ningas Kugon

•“Ningas” is a Filipino term for flame and

“Kugon” is a Filipino term for Cogon grass
that easily burns out after it is put into flames.

•It refers to the attitude of eagerly starting

things but quickly losing eagerness soon after
experiencing difficulty.

•Laziness is a common problem among

Filipinos.
11. Pride

•Most Filipinos hold on to their pride as if they

are more precious than keeping a good
relationship with family and loved ones.

(E.g.: When two parties are not in good

terms, they find it so hard to apologize and
wait until the other party asks for an apology
first.)
12. Crab Mentality

•This is a toxic trait among Filipinos where

one resents the achievement of another,
instead of feeling happy for that person.
13. Filipino Time

•Filipinos have this common attitude of

arriving late at commitments, dinner, or
parties especially if they are meeting
someone close to them.
 FILIPINO MARKERS

What then are the hallmarks of our being a

Filipino?
The following are constant reminders of our
nationality:

1.Proverbs or Salawikain

•Filipino proverbs are sayings that convey

lessons and reflections on Filipino practices,
beliefs, and traditions.
Examples:

“Kung may tiyaga, may nilaga” means that

hard work will be rewarded if one is
persistent.

“Kung ano ang puno, siya ang bunga.”

“Habang may buhay, may pag-asa.”

2. Superstitions

•Filipino also subscribe to their own set of

superstitions passed down from generation to
generation.

•Some of these may be influenced by beliefs

from other cultures, but Filipinos have retold
these superstitions according to their own
experiences and they sometimes end up
even more interesting.
3. Myths and Legends

•Due to the Philippines rich culture and

history, numerous myths and legends have
sprung about things that are beyond one’s
imagination.

•These stories are aimed to explain the origin

of things, at the same time
teach a valuable lesson.
4. Heroes and Icons

•Heroes serve as a reminder of true

patriotism and nationalism as they sacrificed
their lives for the sake of their country’s
freedom and progress.
 HOW TO BE A GOOD FILIPINO?

Be an active Filipino citizen.

•A good Filipino citizen is aware of the current

events and participates in government
programs that aim for the country’s
progression and development.
Study Philippine history.

•The road of the Philippine history is long and

bloody, and by learning and fully
understanding the events of the Philippine
history, you will learn so much as to why it is
important for you to love your country with
your life, extend help to your fellow Filipinos
in need, and recognize abuse of political
power.
Support local products.

•When you buy local products, you do not

only support local manufacturers and
businessmen, but you also help strengthen
the local economy.

•Supporting our local products displays our

creativity, innovativeness, and
resourcefulness.
Speak the Filipino language.

•Jose Rizal highlighted the importance of

speaking a national language as a way of
displaying the love for one’s country.

•Speaking Filipino also serves as a unique

identifier of being a Filipino.
Do not spread fake news.
•Discuss how being a Filipino
affects your “self”

•How can becoming a better

Filipino influence your duty to
becoming a better version of
yourself?
LESSON 1: The Physical Self and
Sexual self

•Discuss the developmental aspect of the

reproductive system
•Describe the erogenous zones
•Explain human sexual behavior
•Characterize the diversity of sexual
behavior
•Describe sexually transmitted diseases
•Differentiate natural and artificial methods
of contraception
• It has been believed that sex chromosomes
of humans define the sex (male or female)
and their secondary sexual characteristics.

• However, there are individuals who do not

accept their innate sexual characteristics
and they tend to change their sexual
organs through medications and surgery.

• Aside from our genes, our society or the

external environment helps shape our
selves.
Female Reproductive Organ
Male Reproductive Organ
 DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

• Infections are the most common problems

associated with reproductive system in
adults.

• Vaginal infections are more common in

young and elderly women and in those
whose resistance to diseases is low.
•In males, the most common inflammatory
conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and
epididymitis.

•Orchiditis or inflammation of the testes. It

follows mumps in an adult male.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are

infections transmitted from an infected person
to an uninfected person through sexual
contact. STDs can be caused by bacteria,
viruses, or parasites.
1.Chlamydia
•is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection. It
affects both men and women and is spread during
sexual contact (unprotected oral, anal, or vaginal
sex).
•can affect several organs including the penis,
vagina, cervix, urethra, anus, eye, and throat and
can cause serious and sometimes permanent
damage to the reproductive system.
2. Gonorrhea
•is a common sexually transmitted disease,
sometimes referred to as "the clap.“
•Risks factors: those who have unprotected sex,
men who have sex with men, those with HIV, and
people with numerous sexual partners.
•If untreated, gonorrhea can increase a person's
risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV.
.
3. Syphilis
•is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection. It is
treatable in the early stages. Without treatment, it
can lead to disability, neurological disorders, and
death.
•Risks factors: those who have unprotected sex,
men who have sex with men, those with HIV, and
people with numerous sexual partners.
.
4. Chancroid
• is a bacterial infection that causes open sores on
or around the genitals of men and women.
•It attacks tissue in the genital area and produces
an open sore that’s sometimes referred to as a
chancroid or ulcer.
•The ulcer may bleed or produce a contagious fluid
that can spread bacteria during oral, anal, or
vaginal intercourse. Chancroid may also spread
from skin-to-skin contact with an infected person.
5. Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

•Is a viral infection that is passed between people

through skin-to-skin contact.
•Most people get HPV through direct sexual
contact, such as oral sex. Because HPV is a skin-
to-skin infection, intercourse isn’t required to
contract the infection. In rare cases, a mother who
has HPV can infect her baby during delivery.
6. Herpes Simple Virus (HSV)

•The herpes simplex virus, also known as HSV, is

an infection that causes herpes. Herpes can appear
in various parts of the body, most commonly on the
genitals or mouth. There are two types of the
herpes simplex virus.

•HSV-1: Also known as oral herpes, this type can

cause cold sores and fever blisters around the
mouth and on the face.

•HSV-2: This type is generally responsible for

genital herpes outbreaks.
• The herpes simplex virus is a contagious virus
that can be passed from person to person
through direct contact. Children will often
contract HSV-1 from early contact with an
infected adult. They then carry the virus with
them for the rest of their lives.
7. Trichomonas Vaginalis

•Trich is caused by a one-celled protozoan

organism called Trichomonas vaginalis. It travels
from person to person through genital contact
during sex.
•It infects the urogenital tract of both women and
men worldwide.
•Once the infection begins, it can easily be spread
through unprotected genital contact.
 NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION

1.Natural Method

The natural family planning methods do

not involve any chemical or foreign body
introduction into the human body.

People who are very conscious of their

religious beliefs are more inclined to use the natural
way of birth control and others follow such natural
methods because they are more cost-effective.
a. Abstinence

The natural method involves refraining

from sexual intercourse and is the most effective
natural birth control method with ideally 0% fail rate.
It is considered to be the most effective way to
avoid STI’s (Sexually Transmitted Infections).
 b. Calendar Method

 It is known as the rhythm method.

It entails withholding from coitus during the
days that the woman is fertile.
 According to the menstrual cycle, the woman is
likely to conceive three or four days before and
three or four days after ovulation. The woman
needs to record her menstrual cycle for six months
in order to calculate the woman’s safe days to
prevent conception.
c. Basal Body Temperature

The basal body temperature (BBT)

indicates the woman’s temperature at rest. Before
the ovulation and during ovulation, BBT falls at 0.5
degree F; it increases to a full degree because of
progesterone and maintains its level throughout the
menstrual cycle. This serves as the basis for the
method. The woman must record her temperature
every morning before any activity. A slight decrease
in the basal body temperature followed by a
gradual increase in the basal body temperature can
be a sign that a woman has ovulated.
d. Cervical Mucus Method

The change in the cervical mucus during

ovulation is the basis for this method. During
ovulation, the cervical mucus s copious, thin and
watery. It also exhibits the property of spinnbarkeit,
wherein it can be stretched up until at least 1 inch
and slippery. The woman is said to be fertile as long
as the cervical mucus is copious and watery.
Therefore, she must avoid coitus during those days
to prevent conception.
e. Sympto-thermal Method

The sympto-thermal method is basically a

combination of the BBT method and the cervical
muscus method. The woman records her
temperature every morning and also take note of
changes in her cervical mucus. She should abstain
from coitus three days after a rise in her
temperature or on the fourth day after the peak of a
mucus change.
f. Ovulation Detection

The ovulation detection method uses an

over the counter kit that requires the urine sample
of the woman. The kit can predict ovulation through
the surge of luteinizing hormone(LH) that happens
12-24 hours before ovulation.
 Coitus Interruptus

 One of the oldest method that prevents

conception. A couple still goes on with
coitus, but the man withdraws the
moment he ejaculates to emit the
spermatozoa outside of the female
reproductive organ.
 Artificial Methods
 A. Oral contraceptives
Also know as the pill that contains synthetic
estrogen and progesterone. Stimulating
hormone and LH to prevent ovulation.
 B. transdermal patch

The transdermal patch contains both estrogen

and progesterone. The women should apply one
patch every week for three weeks on the
following areas: upper arm, upper torso,
abdomen, or buttocks . At the fourth week, no
patch is applied because the menstrual flow
would the occur. The area where the patch is
applied should be clean, dry and free from dirt.
 C. vaginal ring
The silicon ring is inserted into the females
reproductive organ and remains there for three
weeks and removed on the fourth week, as
menstrual flow would occur. The woman
becomes fertile as soon as the ring is removed.
 D. Subdermal implant
These are two rod like implants inserted under
the skin of the female during her menses or on
the seventh day of her menstruation to make
sure that she will not get pregnant. The implant
can be helpful for three to five years.
 E. Hormonal Injections

It contains medroxyprogesterone, and is given

once every 12 weeks intramuscularly. The
injection causes changes in the endometrium
and cervical mucus and can help prevent
ovulation.
 F. intrauterine device
 Inserted to the uterus via female reproductive
organ. It prevents fertilization by creating a
local sterile inflammatory condition to
prevent implantation of zygote.
 G. chemical barriers
used to cause death of the sperm before
they can enter to the cervix.
 H. diaphragm
a circular rubber disk that fits the cervix
and should be placed before the coitus .
Cevical cap
is fitted to rim the cervix
 Male condoms
 Synthetic
rubber that is placed on the erect
male reproductive organ before penetration into
female to trap the sperm during ejaculation.
 Female condom
 Theyare usually bound to two rings. The
outer ring is first inserted against the
opening of the female reproductive organ
and the inner ring covers the cervix. It is
used to prevent fertilization of the egg by
sperm cells.
 Surgical method
 Or simply the so called ligation.