Objectives: Conduct visual inspection

on weldment in accordance with

welding standard
• Knowledge :
a. Identify types of welding defects
b. enumerate the welding defects
• Skills: Solve or find solutions on how to
repaired the defects
• Attitude: motivation willingness to learn and
harmonious relationship
Welding Defects
Welding effect 1. ARC STRIKE
Arc Strike Defects
Welding Defect 2. SPATTER
 WELDING PARAMETERS
• Electrode size
• Current settings
• Arc length
• Travel speed
• Electrode angle
1. Electrode Size
Arc Length
Current Setting
Electrode Angle
• Electrode angle
Weld Inspection Basics
 Visual Examination of Welds
Visual examination is the
primary method for
examining the quality of
weld made by any welding
process
Purpose:
Establish the minimum
requirements for weld
To detect surface defects in
weld, base metal defects,
or cause by metal base that
is repaired by welding
 Welding Inspection Checklist:
Before Welding
• Review applicable documentation.
• Check welding procedures.
• Check individual welder qualifications.
• Establish hold points (if required).
• Develop inspection plan (if required).
• Develop plan for recording inspection results and maintain those records.
• Develop system for identification of rejects.
• Check condition of welding equipment.
• Check quality and condition of base and filler materials to be used.
• Check weld preparations.
• Check joint fit-up.
• Check adequacy of alignment devices.
• Check weld joint cleanliness.
• Check preheat (when required).
• Check calibration (if required).
• Check gas and gas flow (when required).
 Welding Inspection Checklist:
During Welding
• Check welding variables for compliance with welding
procedure.
• Check quality of root pass.
• Check quality of individual weld passes.
• Check interpass cleaning.
• Check interpass temperature.
• Check placement and sequencing of individual weld
passes.
• Check back gouged surfaces (when required).
• Monitor in-process NDT (if required).
 Welding Inspection Checklist:
After Welding
• Check finished weld appearance.
• Check weld size.
• Check weld length (when required).
• Check dimensional accuracy of weldments.
• Monitor in-process NDT (if required).
• Monitor post weld heat treatment (if required).
• Prepare inspection reports (if required).
Typical Welding Defects: Porosity

Porosity in the weld is generally due to

ingress of gases (H2 and N2, normally) into
the weld pool.
Examples of Porosity
Typical Welding Defects: Lack of Fusion

Lack of fusion or incomplete fusion is

characterized by areas where the arc fails to
melt the parent metal before the weld metal
contacts it and the molten metal rests against
the base material without fusing to it.
Example of lack of fusion
Typical Welding Defects: Solidification Cracks

During cooling, segregation of lower

melting point materials can occur that may
open up if the weld is exposed to tensile
stress during solidification.

Also know as hot cracking; known to be

promoted in steels by phosphorous and
sulfur which tend to form low melting point
phases. (a problem with thick sections of
347 SS).
Example of solidification cracking
Typical welding defects: Cold cracking

Cold cracking is produced with a combination

of a hard microstructure (usually martensite
in the HAZ) and hydrogen dissolved in the
metal. Occurs when weld is cold up to 24-48
hrs. after welding; also known as delayed
hydrogen cracking.
Example of cold cracking
SMAW PROCESS - 6G
6 G SMAW PROCESS
• Prepared By:

Valeriana M. Catubig
SST III, TESDA Trainer/ Asssessor