Heating & Cooling Loads

Cooling and Heating Load Calculations
Book:
 Air Conditioning Principles and Systems by Edward

G. Pita (Chap-3, 6)
 Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning by Stoecker (Chap 4)
 ASHRAE Hand book (1997), (Chap-27, 28)
Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 1

Introduction
 Primary function of an Air Conditioning System is to maintain the conditioned
space at required temperature, moisture content, air quality and noise
 Cooling And Heating Load Calculations are done to ensure that the cooling and
heating equipment designed or selected serves the intended purpose of
maintaining the required conditions in the conditioned space
 Load is the amount of heat in BTU/hr or Watts required to be removed or

added to bring the conditioned space to the desired conditions
 Classification of Load: o Cooling load

o Heating load
 Cooling Load :
Net amount of heat that is to be removed from a space to bring about the
desired conditioning in the space
 Heating Load :
Net amount of heat that is required to keep the building at the desired
conditions
Heating Load Calculation

 Indoor air temperature decrease occurs for two reasons:
o Heat transfer from the warm inside air to the cold outside air through walls,
windows, and other parts of the building envelope and
o Leakage of cold air through openings in the building (infiltration)
 Heat must be continually added to the interior of the building in order to

maintain a desired air temperature
 Room air should remain at a constant

elevated temperature ⇒ Enthalpy must
remain constant, Hch = 0
⇒
RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER
 Thermal Resistance R of a material is its ability to resist the flow of heat through
it
 Building construction materials with a high R-value are desirable to reduce heat
losses
 Thermal Resistances of various building materials are usually listed in Tables


RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER
Example 1
A 110ft long by 20 ft high wall is made of 4 in. common brick. The temperature on
the inside surface of the wall is 65 F, and on the outside surface the temperature is
25 F. What is the rate of heat transfer through the wall?


Thermal Resistance of Surface Air Films
 There is a very thin film of still air on each side of a solid building element such
as a wall or roof
 Resistance of an air film depends on the spatial orientation of the surface
(vertical, horizontal, or on a slope), and on the air velocity near the surface
 For winter conditions (heating loads), outdoors air velocity is assumed to be 15

MPH. For the indoor surface of any building element, still air is assumed
Example 2
A wall of a supermarket measures 80ft by 18 ft. The temperature
of the air in the store is 70 F, and the inside surface of the wall is
60 F. What is the heat loss through the wall?


Thermal Resistance of Surface Air Films


Overall Thermal Resistance
 Heat Transfer through the walls, roof, floor, and other elements of a building is
through the:,,
o air film on one side
o through the solid materials, and then
o through the air film on the other side
 overall (total) thermal resistance of the combination:


Example 3 Overall Thermal Resistance
The exterior wall of a building is constructed of 8 in. sand and gravel aggregate
concrete (not oven dried), R-5 insulation, and ½ in. gypsum board. The wall is 72 ft
long by 16 ft high. The indoor and outdoor temperatures are 70 F and -10 F. What
is the heat transfer through the wall?


Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
 Many tables do not list the results as Overall Resistance, but as overall
conductance, called the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Mechanical
Further explanation about U-values Engineering
Tables, Dept.to
refer CEME NUST
Ch-3,Page: 52, Book: Edward G 10
Pita

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Example 4
A building 120 ft long by 40 ft wide has a flat roof constructed of 8
in. lightweight aggregate concrete, with a finished ceiling. The
inside temperature is 65 F and the outdoor temperature is 5 F. What
is the heat transfer loss through the roof?
See Table A.7 for U value; U = 0.09 BTU/hr-ft2-F

A = 120 x 40 = 4800 ft2
Q = U x A x TD = 0.09 x 4800 x 60 = 25,900 BTU/hr


Example 5 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
A frame wall of the bedroom of a house has the following specifications:

Wall: 12ft by 8 ft, wood siding, Wood sheathing, 2 in. of insulation with R -7
value, and inside finish
Window: 3 ft by 4 ft 6 in., single glass, aluminum frame
The room temperature is 68 F and the outdoor temperature is 2 F. What is the
heat transfer loss through the wall and window combined?


Heat Transfer Losses: Basement Walls and Floors
Following Table lists recommended U-values for below grade basement walls and
floors
Further details: refer to Ch-3,Page: 54, Book: Edward G Pita


Infiltration and Ventilation Loss
 Two means by which cold air may enter the building are:
o Infiltration
o ventilation
 Resulting amounts of heat required are:
o Infiltration heating load
o Ventilation heating load
Sensible Heat Loss Effect of Infiltration Air
 Infiltration occurs when outdoor air enters through building openings, due to
wind pressure
 Openings of most concern are: o cracks around window
o door edges
o open doors

Sensible Heat Loss Effect of Infiltration Air – contd--
Air Flow Rates in HVAC work are usually measured in ft3/min (CFM)
sensible heat equation is:


Latent Heat Loss Effect of Infiltration Air
 infiltration air is often less humid than room air, room air humidity may fall to an
unacceptable level for comfort
 Addition of moisture requires heat (latent heat of vaporization of water)


Finding the Infiltration Rate
o Crack Method
o Air Change Method
Crack Method
 accurate estimate of the rate of air infiltration per foot of crack opening can be
measured or established


Finding the Infiltration Rate Crack Method
Example 6
The windows in a building are to be replaced to meet local infiltration energy standards. The
windows are 3 ft W x 4 ft H, double-hung type. Indoor and outdoor design temperatures are
70 F and 10 F. What will be the sensible heat loss due to infiltration?


Finding the Infiltration Rate Crack Method –contd--
 Poorly fitted windows may have up to 5 times the sash leakage shown in Table
“Corner Room Infiltration” and “Door Usage”: Ch-3,Page: 57, Book: Edward G Pita
Air Change Method
 Based on the number of air changes per hour (ACH) in a room caused by the
infiltration
One Air Change is defined as being equal to the room air volume
Suggested values range from 0.5 ACH to 1.5 ACH for buildings ranging from
"tight" to "loose“ construction

Ventilation (Outside Air) Load
 in order to maintain the indoor air quality Outside Air is brought into
nonresidential buildings through the mechanical ventilation equipment
 since outside air is at the outdoor temperature and humidity → it will be an
additional part of the building heating load
 To find Ventilation Heat Load:
Further Discussion: Ch-3,Page: 58, Book: Edward G Pita

Example 7
A building with sealed windows is maintained at 72 F, with an outdoor
temperature of -5F. The mechanical ventilation system introduces 5000 CFM of
outside air. What is the additional sensible heating requirement from this effect?


Unheated Space Temperature
 Some designers assume: Temperature of Unheated Space is halfway between
indoor and outdoor design conditions
 If unheated space has a large exposed glass area, it is better to assume the
space is at outdoor temperature


Summary of Heating Load Calculation Procedures - Room Heating Load
 Select appropriate indoor and outdoor design temperatures
 For each room, find Areas of exposed windows, walls, and so forth, through
which there will be heat transfer
 Select appropriate Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients (U-values) or calculate

from R-values if necessary
 Calculate Heat Transfer Losses through all exposed surfaces in the room →
Total these to find the room heat transfer loss
 Find the room infiltration heat loss, if any
 Find the room heating load. Room heating load = Room Heat Transfer Loss +
Room Infiltration Loss

Example 8
The office room shown in Figure 3.10 is in a one-story building in Des Moines,
Iowa. The building has a heated basement. Find the design room heating load.
Construction is as follows:
Wall: 6 in. concrete (120 #/cu. ft), R-8 insulation, 1/2 in. gypsum board finish
Window: 5 ft H x 4 ft W pivoted type, double glass, aluminum frame. Infiltration
rate is 0.50CFM/ft
Roof: flat roof, metal deck, R-8 insulation,
suspended ceiling
Ceiling height: 9ft


1. A table is arranged to organize the data.
2. Design temperatures are selected from Tables 1.1 and A.9. Indoor temperature
is 71 F; outdoor temperature is -9 F.
3. The U values are found from Table A.6 and A.8.
4. The heat transfer losses are found using Equation 3.8.
5. The infiltration heat loss is found using Equation 3.10.
6. The room heating load is the sum of all the losses.

Cooling Load Calculation Procedures

 For Heating Load Calculation, heat loss from a room at any instant is equal to
the heating load at that time
 For Cooling → Amount of heat that must be removed (The Cooling Load) is not
always equal to the amount of heat received at a given time
o This difference is a result of the Heat Storage and Time Lag Effects
o Of the total amount of heat entering the building at any instant, only a
portion of it heats the room air immediately
o Other part (The Radiation) heats the building mass-the roof, walls, floors,
and furnishings → Heat Storage Effect
o later time the stored heat portion contribute to Heating the Room Air → Time
Lag Effect

Cooling Load Calculation Procedures

 During the time of day at which the Instantaneous Heat Gain is the highest (the
afternoon), the cooling load is less than the instantaneous heat gain
 Some of this heat is stored in the building mass and is not heating the room air

Room Heat Gains

1. Conduction through exterior walls, roof, and glass
2. Conduction through interior partitions, ceilings, and floors
3. Solar radiation through glass
4. Lighting
5. People
6. Equipment
7. Heat from infiltration of
outside air through
openings
 1 through 3 are External Heat

Gains
 Items 4 through 6 are Internal
Heat Gains
Room Heat Gains

External Loads
Conduction through Exterior Structure

 Conduction heat gains through the exterior roof, walls, and glass
Q = U  A  CLTDC
Q = cooling load for roof, wall, or glass, BTU/hr

U = overall heat transfer coefficient for roof, wall,
or glass, BTU/hr-ft2-F
A = area of roof, wall, or glass, ft2
CLTDc = corrected cooling load temperature
difference, oF

Room Heat Gains

External Loads
Conduction through Exterior Structure
oCLTD is not the actual temperature difference between the outdoor and
indoor air
oCLTD values for some roof and wall constructions are given in standard
tables based on the following conditions:
1. Indoor temperature is 78 F DB.

2. Outdoor average temperature on the design day is 85 FDB.
3. Date is July 21st.
4. Location is 40 oN latitude.

Room Heat Gains

External Loads
Conduction through Exterior Structure —contd--

oCLTD must be corrected for other conditions are as follows:
CLTDC = CLTD  LM  (78  tR)  (ta  85)
CLTDc = corrected value of CLTD, F
CLTD = temperature from Tables
LM = correction for latitude and month, from Table (Refer to Chapter-6, Table 6.4,
Book: Air Conditioning Principles and Systems by Edward G. Pita)
tR = room temperature, F
ta = average outside temperature on a design day, F

Room Heat Gains

Example 9
A 30 ft by 40 ft roof of a building in Washington, D.C., is constructed of 4 in. heavy
weight concrete with 1 in. insulation and a suspended ceiling. The inside
temperature is 76 F. Find the roof cooling load at 2 PM Solar Time on July 21.
CLTDC = CLTD  LM  (78  tR)  (to  85)
Table 6.1: Roof is type 9 with suspended ceiling, CLTD = 29 F

Room Heat Gains

Example 9 – contd--
⇒
Example 10 ⇒
A south-facing wall of a building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. has a net opaque
area of 5600 ft2. The wall is constructed of 4 in. face brick + 2 in. insulation + 4 in.
heavy weight concrete. The inside air temperature is 77 F. Find the wall cooling
load at 4 PM Solar Time on June 21.
⇒ Wall is in Group B

Room Heat Gains

Example 10 -- contd
⇒ CLTD = 15
Table 6.4: LM = -1 F
⇒
⇒
Room Heat Gains

External Loads
 CLTD values for Glass:
⇒ No Latitude and month correction

Room Heat Gains

External Loads
Conduction through Interior Structure
 Heat that flows from interior unconditioned spaces to the conditioned space
through partitions, floors, and ceilings
Q = U  A  TD
Q = Heat gain (cooling load) through partition,
floor, or ceiling, BTU/hr
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient for
partition, fioor, or ceiling, BTUlhr-ft2-F
A = Area of partition, floor, or ceiling, ft2
TD = Temperature difference between
unconditioned and conditioned space, F
If temperature of the unconditioned space is not known, an approximation often used is to

assume that it is at 5 F less than the outdoor temperature
Room Heat Gains

External Loads
Solar Radiation through Glass

 Radiant energy from the sun passes through transparent materials such as
glass and becomes a heat gain to the room
Q = SHGF  A  SC  CLF
Q = solar radiation cooling load for glass. BTU/hr
SHGF = maximum solar heat gain factor, BTU/hr-ft2
A = area of glass, ft2
SC = shading coefficient
CLF = cooling load factor for glass

Room Heat Gains

External Loads
Solar Radiation through Glass
 Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF) is the maximum solar heat gain through single
clear glass at a given month, orientation, and latitude → Values are available in
standard Tables
 Shading Coefficient SC, to account for heat gains with different fenestration
arrangements → Values are available in standard Tables
 Cooling Load Factor CLF accounts for the storage of part of the solar heat gain
→ Values are available in standard Tables
(For further details on these tables, refer to:

Chapter-6, Book: Air Conditioning Principles and Systems by Edward G. Pita).

Room Heat Gains

Example 11
A building wall facing southwest has a window area of 240 ft2. The glass is 1/4 in.
single clear glass with light-colored interior venetian blinds. The building is of
medium construction and is located at 40o N latitude. Find the solar cooling load
in August at 3 PM Solar Time. Q = SHGF  A  SC  CLF

Room Heat Gains

Example 11—contd--
For light-colored interior venetian blinds

Room Heat Gains

Table 6.8: without interior shading devices and with carpeting.

Table 6.9 is used without interior shading devices and no carpeting.
Room Heat Gains


Room Heat Gains

External Loads
External Shading Effect
 External shading from building projections (or other objects) may shade all or
part of the glass.
 In these cases, only an indirect radiation reaches the glass from the sky and
ground.
 The SHGF values for any shaded glass is the same as the N (north) side of the
building, which also receives only indirect radiation.
 In order to find the total radiation through partly shaded glass, the shaded area
portion must first be found.

Room Heat Gains

External Loads
External Shading Effect

Room Heat Gains

Example 12
A building at 32°N latitude has a wall facing west with a 4 ft overhang, and a 5
ft wide by 6 ft high window whose top is 1 ft below the overhang. How much
of the glass receives direct solar radiation at 3 PM?
Solution
The vertical proportion of shade, from Table
6.11 is 0.97. The total vertical distance the
shade extends down is therefore
L=0.97x4=3.9ft
The height of shade on the window is
3.9 - I = 2.9 ft,
The unshaded height is 6 - 2.9 = 3.1 ft.
The unshaded area of window is

A=3.1x5= 15.5 ft2

Room Heat Gains

External Loads
Infiltration
 Infiltration of air through cracks around windows or doors results in both a
sensible and latent heat gain to the rooms
oSensible Heat Gain Effect of Infiltration Air:
Qs= 1.1 ⨯ CFM ⨯ TC
oLatent Heat Gain Effect of Infiltration Air
𝑸𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 × 𝑪𝑭𝑴 𝑾′𝟐 − 𝑾′𝟏
 Same procedure as explained in


Room Heat Gains

Internal Loads
Lighting
 Cooling load due to heat gain from lighting is: Q = 3.4  W  BF  CLF
Q = cooling load from lighting, BTU/hr
W = lighting capacity, watts
BF = ballast factor
CLF = cooling load factor for lighting
BF accounts for heat losses in the
ballast in fluorescent lamps, or other
special losses
BF = 1.25 for fluorescent lighting
BF = 1 for incandescent lighting
CLF accounts for storage of part of the lighting heat gain
may be found in ASHRAE Fundamentals Volume. Otherwise use a value of CLF= 1.0
Room Heat Gains

Example 13
A room has eight 40 W fluorescent lighting fixtures in use. The cooling

system operates only during occupied hours. What is the solar cooling load
from the lighting?
Solution
A value of BF = 1.25 for the ballast heat will be assumed.

CLF = 1.0 for the operating conditions
W = 8 x 40 = 320 W
Q = 3.4 x W x BF x CLF
= 3.4 x 320 x 1.25 x 1.0
= 1360 BTU/hr

Room Heat Gains

1. Conduction through exterior walls, roof, and glass
2. Conduction through interior partitions, ceilings, and floors
3. Solar radiation through glass
4. Lighting
5. People
6. Equipment
7. Heat from infiltration of
outside air through
openings
 1 through 3 are External Heat

Gains
 Items 4 through 6 are Internal
Heat Gains
Room Heat Gains

Internal Loads
People
 Cooling Loads from sensible and latent heat gains from people are:
Qs = qs  n  CLF
Ql = ql  n
Qs, Ql = sensible and latent heat gains (loads)

qs, ql = sensible and latent heat gains per person
n = number of people
CLF = cooling load factor for people
 Rate of heat gain from people

depends on their physical activity
Further Discussion: Ch-3,Page: 139, Table: 6.13, Ex-6.11, Book: Edward G Pita
Room Heat Gains

Example 14
What is the heat gain from 240 people at night in a movie theater at 75F DB?
Solution
Using Table 6.13, qs = 245 BTU/hr, ql = 105 BTU/hr

Qs = qs  n  CLF
= 245 x 240 x 1.0
= 58,800 BTU/hr
Ql = ql  n
=105 x 240
= 25,200 BTU/hr
Total Q = 84,000 BTU/hr

Room Heat Gains

Internal Loads
Equipment and Appliances

 heat gain from equipment may sometimes be found directly from the
manufacturer or the nameplate data, with allowance for intermittent use

Cooling Loads
 Component Cooling Load
 Cooling load/Heat gains from individual components like roof, glass,
floor, windows, equipment and infiltration.
 Room Cooling Load
 is the sum of each of the cooling load components (roof, walls, glass.
solar, people, equipment, and infiltration) in the room.
 Building Cooling Load
 is the rate at which heat is removed from all air-conditioned rooms in
the building at the time the building cooling load is at its peak value.
 Coil Cooling Load
 is the rate atwhich heat must be removed by the air conditioning
equipment cooling coil(s).
 Refrigeration Load
 is the load on the refrigeration equipment.
Room Peak Cooling Loads

 We have learned how to calculate the cooling loads, but not how
to determine their peak value.
 Air conditioning system must be sized to handle peak loads
 The external heat gain components vary in intensity with time of
day and time of year
 From the CLTD, SHGF and CLF tables following can be inferred:
 For west-facing glass, maximum load is in mid-summer in the
afternoon.
 For east-facing glass, max solar load is in early or mid-
summer in the morning.

Room Peak Cooling Loads

 For south-facing glass, maximum solar load is in the fall or
winter in early afternoon.
 For southwest-facing glass, maximum solar load is in the fall in
the afternoon.
 For roofs, maximum load is in the summer in the afternoon or
evening.
 For walls, maximum load is in the summer in the afternoon or
evening.
 For instance, we might expect a south-facing room with a very large
window area to have a peak load in early afternoon in the fall-not in
the summer
 If the room had a small glass area, the wall and glass heat
conduction might dominate and the peak load time would be a
summer afternoon.

Room Heat Gains

Apparent daily path of the Sun in the sky throughout the year
Observer in Northern Hemisphere

Room Heat Gains

Example 15
A room facing east, in the Shelton Motel in Kansas City, Missouri, has a 60 ft2
window with an aluminum frame with a thermal break. The window is 1\4 in. single
heat-absorbing glass. Light colored interior venetian blinds are used. The wall is a
metal curtain wall with a U-value of 0.14 and has an area of 40 ft2. Building
construction is lightweight. Find the time and value of room peak cooling load.
The room is at 78 F DB.
Solution
 Since room has east facing, so max load will occur early or mid-summer in the
morning. Also, room has large window, so the solar load determines the peak
load
 For max solar load, see which month have max SHGF value using Table 6.6
 Motel is located at 390N latitude using A.9, Also note, to = 96F and DR=19F
 See Table 6.6 and check when max SHGF occurs for 400N in eastern direction.

Room Heat Gains

Solution (Contd.)
 April has highest value of 224, but in April, outside temperatures are expected
to be low in the morning, therefore, there will be large conduction heat losses
as well through both window and wall.
 Next max SHGF value occurs for May, but for the same reason above, we can
chose month of June having value of 216
 So Month is fixed, next we should know at what time in this month could peak
load occur.
 Heat Gain through solar radiation Q = SHGF x A x SC x CLF
 And Heat gain through wall conduction, Q = U x A x CLTDc
 So we will check at what time we will have max CLF and CLTD value using
Table 6.10 and Table 6.2
Room Heat Gains

Solution (Contd.)
 Using tables we see, that Peak CLF occurs at 0800 hrs and CLTD at 1000 hrs.
So we can calculate values at 0800, 0900 and 1000 hrs
 SC for Window is 0.53 (Table 6.7), and CLF is 0.8 (8 AM), 0.76(9 AM), 0.62(10AM)
8 AM 9 AM 10 AM
Solar Radiation through Q = 216 x 60 x 0.53 x Q = 216 x 60 x 0.53 Q = 216 x 60 x 0.53 x
Glass, 0.8 = 5500 x 0.76 = 5220 0.62 = 4180
Q = SHGF x A x SC x CLF
Conduction through Q = 1.01 x 60 x 1 = Q = 1.01 x 60 x 3 = Q = 1.01 x 60 x 5 =
Glass, Q = UxAxCLTDc 61 182 283
Conduction through Wall, Q = 0.14 x 40 x 49 = Q = 0.14 x 40 x 56 Q = 0.14 x 40 x 57 =
Q = UxAxCLTDc 274 = 314 319
Total (BTU/hr) 5835 5716 4782

Building Peak Cooling Loads

 If peak cooling loads for each room were added, the total would
be greater than the peak cooling load required for the whole
building, because these peaks do not occur at the same time.
 Therefore, the designer must also determine the time of year and
time of day at which the building cooling load is at a peak, and
then calculate it.
A reasoning and investigation similar to that carried out in
finding room peak loads is used.

Building Peak Cooling Loads
 From our previous discussion and a study of the tables, the

following guidelines emerge:
 For buildings that are approximately square shaped in plan with
similar construction on all four walls, the peak load is usually in
late afternoon in summer. This is because the outside
temperature is highest then, and there is no differential influence
of solar radiation on one side of a building.
 For buildings with a long south or southwest exposure having
large glass areas, the peak load may occur in the fall, around
mid-day, because radiation is highest then. This case requires
careful analysis.
 For one-story buildings with very large roof areas, the peak load
usually occurs in the afternoon in summer.

Cooling Coil Load

 Cooling coil load: rate at which heat must be removed by the air conditioning
equipment cooling coil(s)
 Cooling Coil Load will be greater than the building load because- there are heat
gains to the air conditioning system itself, due to:
1. Ventilation (outside air)

2. Heat gains to ducts
3. Heat produced by the air conditioning system fans and pumps
4. Air leakage from ducts

Room Heat Gains

Other Loads
Ventilation
 Outside air is generally brought into the building for health and comfort
reasons
 Sensible and latent heat of outside air is greater than the room air, so it
becomes part of the cooling load
Qs= 1.1 ⨯ CFM ⨯ TC
QL = 0.68  CFM  (Wo'  Wi')
Qt = Q s + Ql

Room Heat Gains

Room Heat Gains

Total Load
TOTAL LOAD = Sum of all (SENSIBLE HEAT LOAD  LATENT HEAT LOAD)
Room Peak Load
 External heat gain components vary in intensity with time of day and time of
year because of:
o Changing solar radiation as the orientation of the sun changes
o Changing outdoor temperature
General Guidelines
o west-facing glass, maximum load is in mid-summer in the afternoon
o East-facing glass, maximum solar load is in early or mid-summer in the morning
o South-facing glass, maximum solar load is in the fall or winter in early afternoon
o Southwest-facing glass, maximum solar load is in the fall in the afternoon

o For roofs, maximum load is in the summer in the afternoon or evening
o For walls, maximum load isMechanical
in the summer in the afternoon or evening.
Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 68
Summary of Commercial Cooling Load Calculation Procedures
 Select indoor and outdoor design conditions
 measure dimensions of all surfaces through which there will be external heat
gains, for each room
 Calculate areas of all these surfaces
 Select heat transfer coefficient U-values for each element from appropriate
tables, or calculate from individual R-values
 Select heat transfer coefficient U-values for each element from appropriate
tables, or calculate from individual R-values
 Determine time of day and month of peak load for each room by calculating
external heat gains at times that they are expected to be a maximum
o Often calculations at a few different times will be required

Summary of Commercial Cooling Load Calculation Procedures

 Calculate each room peak load:
By adding values for the external heat gains
by adding the internal heat gains from people, lights, and equipment
If there is infiltration, this must be added to the room load
 Find the cooling coil and refrigeration load by adding the ventilation load (to the
building heat gains; add blow-through fan, return air fan, and pump heat gains,
if significant

Heating &amp; Cooling Loads

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Heating &amp; Cooling Loads

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Cooling and Heating Load Calculations

 Air Conditioning Principles and Systems by Edward

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 1

 Load is the amount of heat in BTU/hr or Watts required to be removed or

 Classification of Load: o Cooling load

Heating Load Calculation

 Heat must be continually added to the interior of the building in order to

 Room air should remain at a constant

Heating Load Calculation

RATE OF HEAT TRANSFER

 Thermal Resistances of various building materials are usually listed in Tables

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 4

Heating Load Calculation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 5

Heating Load Calculation

 For winter conditions (heating loads), outdoors air velocity is assumed to be 15

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 6

Heating Load Calculation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 7

Heating Load Calculation

 overall (total) thermal resistance of the combination:

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 8

Heating Load Calculation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 9

Heating Load Calculation

Heating Load Calculation

See Table A.7 for U value; U = 0.09 BTU/hr-ft2-F

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 11

Heating Load Calculation

A frame wall of the bedroom of a house has the following specifications:

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 12

Heating Load Calculation

Further details: refer to Ch-3,Page: 54, Book: Edward G Pita

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 13

Heating Load Calculation

Heating Load Calculation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 16

Heating Load Calculation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 17

Heating Load Calculation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 18

Heating Load Calculation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 19

Heating Load Calculation

Air Change Method

Heating Load Calculation

Further Discussion: Ch-3,Page: 58, Book: Edward G Pita

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 21

Heating Load Calculation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 22

Heating Load Calculation

 Select appropriate Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients (U-values) or calculate

 Find the room infiltration heat loss, if any

Heating Load Calculation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 24

Heating Load Calculation

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 25

Cooling Load Calculation Procedures

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 27

Cooling Load Calculation Procedures

Mechanical Engineering Dept. CEME NUST 28

Room Heat Gains

 1 through 3 are External Heat

Room Heat Gains

Heating & Cooling Loads

Heating & Cooling Loads