Geokimia

temu
kesembilan
2013
• Mineral transformations
• Secondary minerals
• Fluids expulsion and movement
– Pegmatite/aplite veins
– Mineralized veins
• Hydrothermal alteration
– Episyenites, endoskarns, greisens
– Exoskarns
Mineral transformations
• Polymorphs
• Exsolutions (solvus)
 Stishovite
10

Phase
diagram for 8

Pressure (GPa)
SiO2 6
Coesite

- quartz
2
- quartz Liquid
Cristobalite
Tridymite

600 1000 1400 1800 2200 2600

Temperature oC
Feldspar
solvus
Perthites
Opx-Cpx exsolution
 Secondary minerals
• Autometamorphism
Water-saturated solidus (granites)
 Secondary minerals
• Px => Amp => Bt
• Px, Amp, Bt => chlorite (phyllosilicate)
• K-feldspar, feldspathoids => sericite
(fine white mica)
• Ca-plagioclase => saussurite (epidote)
• Olivine => serpentine (complex
phyllosilicate), iddingsite (a mixture of
various Fe-Mg silicates)
Figure 3-20. a. Pyroxene
largely replaced by hornblende.
Some pyroxene remains as light
areas (Pyx) in the hornblende Pyx
core. Width 1 mm. b. Chlorite
(green) replaces biotite (dark
brown) at the rim and along Hbl
cleavages. Tonalite. San Diego,
CA. Width 0.3 mm. © John
Winter and Prentice Hall.

Bt
Chl
 Sericitization

K-feldspar to sericite:
3 KAlSi3O8 + 2 H+ > KAl3Si3O10(OH)2
+ 6 SiO2 + 2 K+
 Saussuritization

Dolerite from ODP leg 180 (sea of Java)

Olivine with iddingsite alteration
Calcite vein
 Fluid expulsion
• Typical water contents: 2-4% in a granite
• Water content of a biotite: ~2 %
• Biotite: max. 5-10 % of the rock
Excess water = ?

+ meteoric water also feeding the

hydrothermal system
 Hydrothermal circulations
sinter and
rain hydrothermal ores steam and hot water

o
volcanic 0
20
deposits

300 o
older bedrock meteoric
water flow

magma

Most of the water in hydrothermal systems comes

from meteoric, surface waters (cf. O isotopes,
G214)
 Effect of free, hot water
• Overpressure, fractures, etc.
• Very aggressive solvent!
• Aplite/pegmatite veins
 Evidence for Si-rich hydrothermal fluids

Tatio hydrothermal field, Peru

 Network of
pegmatites/apl
ite dykes
 Mineralized veins
• Very incompatible elements (large ions,
typically) concentrated in last liquids, then
in fluids
• The same elements are leached from an
already cooled rock (igneous intrusion or
its wall-rock)
• Precipitate with hydrothermal veins
Analysis of hydrothermal fluids
from inclusions in pegmatites
Gold-quartz veins
• See
economic
geology
(GEOL344)
 Hydrothermal modifications of
rocks
• Around the intrusion
– Exoskarns, etc.
• In the intrusive rocks
– Episyenites
– Endoskarns, greisens
Deposits by chemical reactions
Around the pluton
Outside the pluton: skarn
 In the pluton
Loss of quartz => « syenites »
(Episyenites)
Fedlspar alteration in the pluton
• K-feldspar to sericite:
3 KAlSi3O8 + 2 H+ > KAl3Si3O10(OH)2
+ 6 SiO2 + 2 K+
• Sericite to kaolin:
2 KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 + 2 H+ + 3 H20
> 3 Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2 K+
Requires acidic fluids!
 In the pluton
• Episyenites are plutonic rocks from which
the quartz has been dissolved away
(therefore, they become syenites)
(high pH)
• Greisens are plutonic rocks where the
feldspar has been transformed into clays
(kaolinite) by hydrothermal reactions
(low pH)