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Lecture Outline
Leaves
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Outline
Introduction
• Leaf Development
• Leaf Parts
• Leaf Complexity
• Functions of Leaves
• Veins = ________________________
• PALMATE: ______________
– Simple Palmate
– Compound Palmate
Palmately
compound
LEAF VEINATION …
• PARALLEL:
Parallel
venation
• Functions: 1)____________
2) Water:___________________
3) Glands
• Stomata
Internal Structure of Leaves …
• Stomata
– Location: ___________
– Bordered by two _____________ Cells.
o Have a thickened inner wall
– Functions: _____________________
« Gas exchange
« Evaporation of water
How Stomata open & close:
• Changes in water content cause them to inflate or deflate.
• Rigid inner surface remains stiff
Inflate - Stomata open
Deflate - Stomata close
MESOPHYLL: Region between upper and lower
epidermis, excluding the veins.
• FUNCTION: __________________________________
• EUDICOTS: TWO SUB-REGIONS
1) Palisade Mesophyll
– Location: _____
– Shape of cells:
______________
- # Contains chloroplasts
2) Spongy Mesophyll
–Location: _______
– Shape of cells: ____________
– Air spaces
NOT IN MONOCOTS
Microscopic View of a EUDICOT Mesophyll
MONOCOT Mesophyll
Vein
Chlorencyma
Cells
VEINS (vascular bundles)
• Location: _________________________
• Tissue & Cells: ____________________
– Surrounded by bundle sheath of thicker-walled
parenchyma
MONOCOT: Zea (Corn) Leaf
ZEA VEIN
Companion
Cells Sieve-Tube
Cells
Eudicot Vein
Vessels
Sieve-Tube
Cells
Companion
Cells
Differences found in Monocots Flowering plants
• Mesophyll noy differentiated into palisade & spongy layers
• Stomata on upper & lower epidermis
• BULLIFORM CELLS
on either side of
main central vein
• Function: Causes leaf
to fold or roll,
reducing transpiration
Sun
Sun
leaf
Shade
leaf
LEAVES OF ARID REGIONS
• Problems for plant:
– Water: ________________
– Temperatures: ______________
– Light Intensities: _______________
o or sunken stomata
– Dense, hairy coverings, often silver
SPINES
• Shape:
• Function:
Also reduce leaf surface
and water loss,
– Cacti Spine
Thorn
Prickles - Outgrowths
from epidermis or cortex
Prickle
Storage leaves
• Succulent leaves: Store ______________
– parenchyma cells with large vacuoles
– Many desert plants
• Fleshy leaves store ____________.
– Onions, lily
Flower-Pot Leaves
• urn-like pouches:
• Ants bring soil & Nit.
Wastes:
Air Plant
Floral Leaves (bracts)
• bases of flowers/flower stalks
• Poinsettia - brightly colored bracts surround
flowers.
• Clary’s sage - Colorful bracts are at top of
flowering stalks.
• Pitcher Plants
– cone-shaped leaves.
Pitcher plant
Insect-Trapping Leaves
• Sundews
– leaves covered with
glandular hairs have sticky
digestive enzymes
Sundew
– Venus’s Flytraps
– North Carolina and South
Carolina
– Mechanically trap insects.
Venus’s
Flytraps
Insect-Trapping Leaves
• Bladderworts
– floating in shallow water
– bladders have trap doors trap insects inside
Bladder of bladderwort
Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color
Chloroplasts and
pigments:
• Chlorophylls - Green
• Carotenoids - Yellows
• In fall, chlorophylls break
down and other colors are revealed.
anthocyanins
(red or blue) and betacyanins
(red) may present in
vacuole.
Human and Ecological Relevance of Leaves
STUDENTS READ ON YOUR OWN IN TEXT
Review