Rossita Radzak SASER

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

1. The composition , properties and uses of some alloy

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Bronze Cu -Hard and strong -in building of statue or monuments.
Tin -does not corrode easily -in making of medals
-has shiny surface -swords and artistic material
Brass Cu -harder than copper -in making of musical instruments and
Zinc kitchenware
Steel Iron Hard and strong -in construction of buildings and
Carbon bridges
-in building of the body of cars and
railway tracks
Stainless Iron -shiny -in making of cutlery
steel Carbon -strong -in making of surgical
Chromium -does not rust instrument
Duralumin Aluminium -light -in building of the body of aeroplane
Copper -strong and bullet trains
Magnesium
manganese
Pewter Tin, Copper -lustre, shiny In making of sourvenirs
antimony -strong

Paper 3
1. The copper wire in an electric cable can be easily bent by hand. A one-cent coin made an
alloy of copper with tin and zinc cannot be bent easily.
Referring to situation above, plan a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of alloy
formation on the hardness of a metal.

Statement of problem Copper atom

Does the formation of alloy increase the hardness of a metal?

Hypothesis
Bronze is harder than copper Stanum
Zinc atomatom

Variable
Manipulated: Metal block (copper) and its alloys
Responding: Size of the dent (made by the metal ball on the block)
Constant variable: mass of the weight / the height of the thread / type of metal of the ball
List of apparatus
Metal block, alloy block, steel ball bearing, weight, ruler, rope, retort stand

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Rossita Radzak SASER

Procedure:
1. Put the steel ball bearing on the metal block / copper
2. Pull the rope that tied to the weight until the weight is 60 cm high on the metal block / copper
3. Drop the weight onto the steel ball bearing
4. Measure the diameter of the dent made on the metal block and records it
5. Repeat the activity 3/5 times
6. Repeat step 1 to 5 by using the alloy block, replacing the metal block.
Tabulation of data

Name of metal Diameter of the dent (cm) Average ,

1 2 3 4 5 cm
Metal/ copper
Alloy / bronze

Paper 2
Conclusion: the diameter of the dent on the copper metal is bigger
Reason:
1. The presence of atoms of other metals / tin that are different sizes
2. Disturb the orderly arrangement of copper atoms
3. Tin atoms reduce the layers of copper atoms from sliding
4. Alloy is stronger and harder than pure metal.

2. You have learnt the steel is an alloy of iron. Steel is harder than pure iron. Both iron and steel
can rust when exposed to air and water. Do they rust at the same rate?
To compare the rate of rusting between iron, steel and stainless steel

Problem Statement
How does the rate of rusting between iron, steel and stainless steel differ

Hypothesis
Iron rust faster than steel and steel rust faster than stainless steel.

Variables
Manipulated : Iron, steel and stainless steel.
Responding : intensity / amount of dark blue colour / rate of rusting
Fixed : size of nail, concentration of solution, duration of rusting

Procedure:
1. Clean the nails with sand paper (to removed the rust from all the nails)
2. Place the iron nail, steel nail and stainless steel nail into the test tube A, B and C respectively.
3. Prepare a 5 % jelly solution by adding 5 g jelly to 100 cm3 of boiling water. Add a few drop of
potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) solution.
4. Pour the hot jelly into the test tubes until all the nails are fully immersed.
5. Leave the nails for 3 days.
6. Observe and record the intensity of the dark blue colour.

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Tabulation of data

Test tube The intensity of the dark blue colour

A
B
C
Conclusion
1.The concentration of Fe2+ ions in the test tube A is higher than in test tube B. No Fe2+ ions are
present in test tube C.
2.The rate of rusting in test tube A is higher than that in test tube B. No rusting takes place in
test tube C. Alloy slow down the rate of rusting.

Describe how toxic waste product from factory affects the quality of the environment. Your
description should include the following aspects. Source, process and effect.

Sample answer:
1. [Source] sulphur dioxide gas produced by factory or burning of fossil fuels
2. [process ] sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in rain water / water to form acid rain,
SO2 + H2O  H2SO3]
3. [effect ] toxic waste / acid flows to into lakes and rivers, acid rain lowers the pH value of
water, soil and air.
4. fish and other aquatic organisms die.
5. acid rain corrodes concrete buildings and metal structures
6. acid destroys trees in forest
7. acid rain reacts with minerals in soil to produces salt which are leached out the top soil.
8. plants die of malnutrition and diseases.
9. soil becomes acidic, unsuitable for growth of plants and destroys the roots of plants.
10. sulphur dioxide causes respiratory problems in humans.

Properties, composition and uses different type of glass

Type Properties Chemical Uses
composition
Fused glass -Very high softening point SiO2 Lenses, telescope
-Highly heat resistant mirrors, optical
-Does not crack when temperature changes fibres.
-very resistant to chemical reactions
-difficult to be shaped
Soda lime -low softening point SiO2 Flat glass, light
glass -does not withstand heating CaCO3 / bulb, mirrors, glass
-break easily Na2CO3 containers.
-less resistant to chemical reactions
-easy to be shaped
- cracks easily with sudden change in
temperature
Borosilicate -lower thermal coefficient SiO2 Laboratory

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-heat resistant B2O3 glassware, cooking

- Does not crack when temperature changes Na2O utensils.
-very resistant to chemical reactions Automobile
-does not break easily headlights.
Lead glass -low softening point SiO2 Decorative items,
-high density PbO crystal glass ware,
-High refractive index CaO lens, prism,
chandelier

Composite Materials is a structural material that is formed by combining two or more

different substances such as metal, alloys, glass, ceramics and polymers.

Composite Component Properties of Properties of Uses of

material component composite components
Reinforced Concrete Hard but brittle, Stronger, high Construction of
concrete low tensile strength tensile strength framework for
Steel Hard with high does not corrode highway, bridges
tensile strength but easily, can and high-rise
expensive and can withstand higher building
corrode. applied forces and
loads, cheaper.
Super- Copper(II)oxide, Insulators of Conducts Generators,
conductor barium oxide electricity electricity transformers,
electric cable,
amplifiers,
computer parts
MRI
Fibre optics Glass of low Transparent, does reflect light rays Transmit data in the
refractive index reflect light rays. and allow light form of light in
Glass of high rays to travel along telecommunications
refractive index the the fibre
Fibre glass Glass Heavy, strong but Light, strong, Water storage
brittle and non- tough, resilient and tanks, small boat,
flexible flexible wit high helmet
Polyester plastic Light, flexible, tensile strength not
elastic but weak inflammable, low
and inflammable density, easily
coloured, shaped
and moulded.
Photo- Glass Transparent, does Sensitive to light : Photochromic
chromic reflect light rays. darkens when light optical lens, camera
glass intensity is high, lens, car
Silver chloride Sensitive to light becomes clear windshields, optical
or silver when light switches, light
bromide intensity is low. intensity meters.