PREDICATE

AND
CHANGES OF
VALENCY
GROUP 6 :

Shabrina Nur Husna

Elisadora
Franciska Xaveria
Zaiim Muhtadi
 Degree of Predicate

A number indicating the number of

arguments in a simple declarative
sentence
 HE SNEEZED
DEGREE ONE OF PREDICATE Argument : He
Predicate : Sneeze

I LOVE HIM
DEGREE TWO OF PREDICATE Argument : I and Him
Predicate : Love

THE TEACHER GIVES ME A CARD

DEGREE THREE OF PREDICATE Argument : The teacher, Me and Card
Predicate : Give
Practice!
How many referring expression are there in
sentence and on what degree is the predicate!
Thornbury sneezed Degree 1

Keith hits the parrot Degree 2

Herod gave Salome a nice present Degree 3

Philip is handsome Degree 1

John is a corporal Degree 1

 Transitivity Intransitivity
Followed by one or more direct
Not followed by diret object
object

Rivers flow
We watch a movie last night I sneezed
She is making promises My dog ran
 Changes of Valency

Most of languages provide a means

to change the valency of verbs. And
there are two ways to change the
valency of a verb.
Decreasing Increasing

Passive Causative

Anti
passive Applicative

Reflexive

Reciprocal

Noun
incorporation

General
middle
VALENCY-DECREASING
OPERATION
PASSIVE

• Deleting the Subject

Definition • Promoting the Object to be a Subject

• Don is cooking dinner

Example • Dinner is being cooked (by Don)
ANTIPASSIVE

• Has the same construction as passive in decreasing valency

Definition • The antipassive deleting the Object

• Don is crushing a soda can

Example • Don is crushing ( O is omitted)
REFLEXIVE

• Agent and patient has the same identity

Definition • In English signed by –self and –selves which refers to the
previous noun

• She saw herself

Example • He threw himself to the floor
RECIPROCAL

• Marks a particular relationship between two nouns

Definition • In English generally uses each other to indicate reciprocity

• John cuts Mary’s hair. Mary cuts John’s

Example • John and Mary cut each other’s hair
NOUN INCORPORATION

• A process in word formation, created by compounding a

Definition Noun to a Verb

• I have to baby-sit the neighbor kid

Example
MIDDLE VOICE

Definition • It is said to be in the middle between active and passive voice

• The house is building

Example • The house is being build
VALENCY-INCREASING
OPERATION
CAUSATIVE
• Indicate that a subject either causes someone or something
Definition else to do something

Terminology • Underlying, Derive, Causer, Causee

• He entered the house

Example • I made him enter the house
APPLICATIVE

• Is a grammatical voice that promotes an oblique argument of

Definition a verb to the core objet argument.

• Jack ran faster than the giant

Example • Jack outran the giant
• The giant was outrun by Jack
THANK YOU
